The Rise of Technology and Film throughout the Twentieth Century :: Film Movie Movies Technology Computers

The Rise of Technology and Film throughout the Twentieth atomic number 6As time and people are continually changing, so is knowledge and information and in the film industry there are inevitable proficient advances necessary to keep the attraction of the public. It is through natural effects, sounds and visual recordings that all individuals see how we have evolved to present day digital technology and it is because of the efforts and ideas of the first and latest great innovators of the twentieth century that we have advanced in film and computers.Technology is a central issue surrounding film making from the multiplication of Charlie Chaplins silent films to todays modern and computer-animated films such as George Lucass Star Wars. In addition there have been a system of changes in computer, phone and video recruitment which has propelled vast amounts of information knowledge to the public at a rapid rate.Film was not always as it is today due to the digital sounds and graphi c picture enhancements of George Lucass THX digital sound in the late 1970s to enhance the audiences perceptions. Sound was first discovered in 1928 and the first films before that were silent. There is a social need to heighten an audiences film going experience and it allows each person to color their own views of what they see and presents either directly or indirectly societys moral values.Time is a major factor in innovation because it provides visions, which point to the future but do not disregard the attempts of innovation in the past. Such inventions are Industrial Light and Magics development of special effects like motion-control cameras which alter the audiences perceptions and create a more realistic setting to enhance the imagi terra firma.Entertainment has traveled from burlesque and vaudeville to high tech filmmaking, and this is the physical existence of our century. The Era of Silent Film in the early 1900s had such geniuses as Charlie Chaplin who paved the road to the time of the talkies and to development of sound. If not for him and some other greats along the way, where would our film culture be today? Much of the report of our nation seems to be held as digital recordings through visuals. In this respect it is interwoven with the current era of computer information because we want to preserve and record the history of the present as well as at the turn of the millennium.

Looking at Eyewitness TEstimony :: essays research papers

Assignment 2Article 17Looking Askance at Eyewitness TestimonyThe economic consumption of eyewitnesses has been a aeonian in of criminal justice system since its very beginning. Unfortunately, people do non make the best witnesses to a crime. The person may not render seen the actual criminal, but someone that looks similar to them. The witness may lie ab out(a) what he or she may have scene. Also the witness crowd out be influenced by the practice of law as to who or what they saw at the time of the crime. The witness or victims memory of the person may have vitiated so that they dont remember exactly what had seen, which could be disastrous for the accused. With all these possible flaws in the testimony of witnesses and victims why do they continue to use them as primary evidence in criminal cases? The answer is simple until recently there was no other way to prove whether or not a person was actually at the scene of a crime unless someone saw them or they left some finger p rints behind that the police were able to link back to someone, which may have not been left on the victim but in the general vicinity. Until recently, with the recent breakthrough in DNA testing which allows police and investigators to gain an exact match as to who committed the crime. I personally feel that this is a much more trusty and accurate than relying on the testimony of witnesses. I believe through the use of science we as a society can now make certain(p) that the guilty are caught and punished while the innocent are protected from wrongful prosecution. However the eyewitness should not be completely left out of the case against the possible offender. After it is determined through scientific evidence, in this case DNA, that the physically involved in the crime then witnesses can be brought in to give testimony that the offender was present at the crime scene or the victim can be sure that the accused was authentically the one involved in the actual crime.Also the proc edures for recording eyewitnesses testimony have to be revised.

decriminilization of marijuana Essay -- legal cannabis

Every socio-economic class our government spends more than nineteen billion dollars to stub out its use in the joined States. About seventeen thousand people were arrested last year because of it. We spend twenty thousand dollars a year per inmate to hold these jailbirds captive. Who atomic number 18 these dangerous criminals you ask? Stoners.One argument against the decriminalization of marijuana is why would we want to introduce another intoxicant into our order of magnitude when alcohol and cigarette smoking is already so damaging? Marijuana is far less harmful to the body than cigarettes. Not to mention while it may be potentially habit forming, it is not addictive. When comparing marijuana to alcohol the differences are obvious. I would much rather be in an argument with qat that has been smoking joints all night than some dude who has spent all night pounding shots of tequila. Alcohol can alter a persons common sense. disrespect this, our government trusts us with the bu rden of drinking responsibly. Over seventeen thousand arrests are made regarding cannabis a year. Almost ninety percent of these arrests are for simple possession, not trafficking or sale. This is an inappropriate use of valuable law enforcement resources that should be foc utilise on more serious and violent crimes. I go int know about you, but I would rather have a midnight toker for a neighbor than a midnight stalker. The spending of government money ask to be reevaluated. Our government needs to take a step back and admit they were mistaken to think they could successfully discontinue the use of marijuana. You cannot have amerciable what a significant segment of the population in any society is committed to doing. You simply cannot arrest, prosecute, and punish such a large number of people, peculiarly in a democracy (Incardi 285). Ultimately it is not the role of the government to tell its adult citizens what risks to take. Bicycles kill ten thousand people a year and yet n o one is proposing to make them illegal.There are benefits of legalizing marijuana, both for the government and society. One of these is that the marijuana market could be government run. The vague market would be abolished, saving lives and redirecting the profits from the drug dealers Escalades new rims to the be... ...ortant. It is time we allow the many health benefits of marijuana to be use by those who need them. It is time we realize there are different cost effective, environment friendly and efficient ways of producing many of our most used products. All we can do is hope our government comes to its senses soon.Works Cited PageBaxter, J.W. Growing Industrial Hemp In Ontario. 27 November 2004.http//www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/facts/00-067.htm Gray, Judge throng P. Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed and What We Can Do About It. Philadelphia Temple UP, 2001.HempNation. 27 November 2004. http//hempnation.com/Incardi, James A Handbook of Drug Control in the United States. W estport Greenwood Press, 1990.Marijuana Fact and Fiction. 27 November 2004. http//marijuana.drug-culture.comNORML National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. 27 November 2004. http//www.norml.org/ Scannel, Kate. Bushs Painful Obsession With Medicinal Pot. American union for Medicinal Cannabis, The Oakland Tribune 27 November 2004.http//www.letfreedomgrow.com

History of the Computer :: essays papers

History of the ComputerThe history of the computer can be dated back for years and years and there is static much more to learn and know as we advance our knowledge with this technology. Websters Dictionary defines computer as, any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data (A brief 2004).The spirit word compute in computer has been termed for over 2000 years. In the beginning, a wooden rack holding strings by two horizontal exclude was the very first calculator recorded. The beads were manually moved around by the user and were only used by the user who knew the rules of programming in order for the wooden calculator to be accurate. It is said that the wooden calculator was able to do all regular arithmetic (Meyers 2001). The many different part of a computer as we now know it did not just appear in single machine created by one person. Starting in the 1640s, many people began to work on machines that would mechanize tasks, with results th at we still use today (In the beginning 2004). Records exist of earlier machines, but Blaise Pascal invented the first pass along powered commercial calculator that can add numbers entered with dials (Meyers 2001). He is credited with building the first digital calculator. Although attempts to multiply mechanically were made by Gottfried Liebnitz in the 1670s the first true multiplying calculator appears in Germany shortly before the American Revolution (A brief 2004). Charles Xavier created the first successful calculator which was able to add, subtract, multiply, and mete out (Meyers 2001).In the early 1800s, Charles Babbage began a life long quest for a programmable machine. (A brief 2004). He invented machines that are called as calculating engines. Engine number one was the first successful automatic calculator that was able to work on its own. This calculator consisted of over 2000 parts (The early 1996). A large problem that Babbage had would be many engineering pro blems which would not allow his engines to work correctly. He is remembered and is important to computer history because of his idea for the machines. His basic ideas of how the machine would process information is still used to this day (In the beginning 2004).As the late 1800s came around, a man named Herman Hollerith developed a computing machine that can read into punched cards.

Color Essays -- essays research papers

     Color is sensed when white light bounces off an object and is reflected into the eye. Objects face contrastive airize depending on what colours were absorbed and which were reflected. Color is "seen" by the rods and cones in the eye. Cones detect color and rods detect black, white, and shades of gray. People who weednot see colors properly are colorblind. There are many different kinds of colors and they are classified in many different ways (The World Book Encyclopedia p 818, 819).           The eye consists of many parts. The part of the eye you can see when you look at someone consists of four parts. The colored part of the eye where the light enters is called the iris. The white part around the iris is the conjunctiva and episclera. This part withal contains blood vessels. The cornea is the clear covering of the iris and pupil. The cornea contains no blood vessels. The lens is located behind the iris . The lens is used to focus, as in the cornea, but the lens can move. The retina is responsible for telling the brain what a soul is seeing. They determine all the different parts of what is being seen. It then codes them to electrical signals for the brain (Cassel p 4-10).           Rods and cones are in the retina. There are three kinds of cones. Each cone can sense a different color. Rods are used when a person is in dim light (Hubel p 162). The optic nerve is what sends all these messages to the brain (Cassel p 261).           Sometimes people have difficulty telling colors apart. This is called colorblindness (Websters Dictionary, p 281). Sometimes colorblindness is hereditary. Other times there is a problem with the message reception from the optic nerve. Another problem can lie in the retina. People can have trouble recognizing colors because of certain drugs.        & nbsp  People are diagnosed as being colorblind by taking tests. They look at different colored numbers that are in order by their color. This way they can be diagnosed as being colorblind in certain areas (Cassel p 52). A person can have different extents of colorblindness depending on what the problem is. A person can be colorblind because t... ...ht or white the colors will appear reversed. Red becomes green, and yellow becomes blue (The World Book Encyclopedia p 820, 819). A quote about afterimages was given by Johannes Ilten "It has been psychologically proven that the afterimage as well as the simultaneous effect show the strange and so far inexplicable fact that our eye demands for a given color its complementary completing and produces it on its own if it is not provided" (Tritten p C43).      Color is a product of many different things. We physically see color by the light hitting the retina and being absorbed by the rods and cones. Color s are distinguished by sorting them into categories. These could include tint, shade, tone, chroma, value, or hue. It could also be firm by whether a color is primary, secondary, intermediate, or complementary. The illusion of different colors can be created by the colors around a color or placing bits of color very close together as in a television. Afterimages create the opposite of colors. All color is a product of light. Without light, we would only be able to see in black and white (The World Book Encyclopedia p 818, 819, 822, 823).

Color Essays -- essays research papers

      contort is sensed when white light bounces off an object and is reflected into the gist. Objects appear distinct saturations depending on what emblazons were absorbed and which were reflected. Color is "seen" by the rods and cones in the eye. Cones detect color and rods detect black, white, and shades of gray. People who cannot see colors properly are colorblind. There are many different kinds of colors and they are classified in many different ways (The World Book Encyclopedia p 818, 819).           The eye consists of many departments. The part of the eye you can see when you look at someone consists of four parts. The colored part of the eye where the light enters is called the iris. The white part around the iris is the conjunctiva and episclera. This part also contains blood vessels. The cornea is the clear covering of the iris and pupil. The cornea contains no blood vessels. The lens is located behin d the iris. The lens is used to focus, as in the cornea, moreover the lens can move. The retina is responsible for vocalizing the judgment what a person is seeing. They determine all the different parts of what is being seen. It then codes them to electrical signals for the brain (Cassel p 4-10).           Rods and cones are in the retina. There are three kinds of cones. Each cone can sense a different color. Rods are used when a person is in dim light (Hubel p 162). The optic nerve is what sends all these messages to the brain (Cassel p 261).           Sometimes people have difficulty telling colors apart. This is called colorblindness (Websters Dictionary, p 281). Sometimes colorblindness is hereditary. Other times there is a problem with the message reception from the optic nerve. Another problem can pillow in the retina. People can have trouble recognizing colors because of certain drugs.  &n bsp        People are diagnosed as being colorblind by taking tests. They look at different colored numbers that are in order by their color. This way they can be diagnosed as being colorblind in certain areas (Cassel p 52). A person can have different extents of colorblindness depending on what the problem is. A person can be colorblind because t... ...ht or white the colors forget appear reversed. Red becomes green, and yellow becomes blue (The World Book Encyclopedia p 820, 819). A quote about afterimages was addicted by Johannes Ilten "It has been psychologically turn up that the afterimage as well as the simultaneous effect show the strange and so far inexplicable fact that our eye demands for a given color its complementary completing and produces it on its own if it is not provided" (Tritten p C43).      Color is a product of many different things. We physically see color by the light hitting the retina and being absorbed by the rods and cones. Colors are distinguished by sorting them into categories. These could include tint, shade, tone, chroma, value, or hue. It could also be determined by whether a color is primary, secondary, intermediate, or complementary. The illusion of different colors can be created by the colors around a color or placing bits of color very close together as in a television. Afterimages create the opposite of colors. All color is a product of light. Without light, we would exclusively be able to see in black and white (The World Book Encyclopedia p 818, 819, 822, 823).

Business Plan for a new soft drinks Essay

1.0 Company description1.1 Brief History and Pre direct State command shroud Drinks introduced itself in 2012 as a roadside succus selling endeavor in Dhanmondi, capital of Bangladesh. Initi eachy we had two outlets with no any administrative say-so and all the administrative activities were conducted over the communication via phone and social media. Gradually, we expanded our business throughout the Dhaka city establishing as a private restrain participation and today we scram 200 mobile retail outlets serving raw fruit juice and drinks, mainly sugar idlere juice and lemon soda, to the pack pedestrians of the city. predominate quiver has to a fault settled in a corporate office situated at 23/4, Dhanmondi 4/A, Dhaka-1215. We as well as have a small storage house, at Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, for keeping inventories and machineries. The union is now at the initial stage of transition with the plan to produce and sell canned beverages to the confectionary and crack stores with the parvenu name occult Chill Beverage Ltd.Our conducted feasibility compend reveals a huge guide for our current intersection point at home or other convenient smirchs with currently non reflecting due to lack of health and hygiene concerns of roadside food harvest-feasts. Our research and development group has come up with the countrys first canned sugarcane juice drink that is vi adequate to(p) to create buzz in the grocery. We entrust set up a big manufacturing plant in Gazipur where beverages leave be produced and packaged in a healthy environment following a computerized automated puzzle out by imported equipments.1.2 MissionMission Statement overtop Chill Beverage Ltd. wants to see itself as the top trustworthy host of fruit juice ground beverage drinks in the market place. Our current growth in the raw fruit juice market al jell proves us reliable in providing quality ambrosial drinks to the mass. Now we want to ensure that our crossing is healthy, hygi ene, and quite durable so that we can serve all kinds of people in the market of fruit or soft drinks two home and outside. Initially we reserve enter the market with the position of niche market and in a few years we impart be able to capture the juice and soft drinks market and hopefully backsheesh the market in 10 to 15 years.1.3 Existing Organizational social organizationThe current Eclipse Chill Drinks has a very simple diamond-shaped organizational structure with operation and sales being its major functional atomic number 18a.Figure 1 Organizational structure of Eclipse Chill Drinks 2014 (Source self) We also initiated an outsourced Research & suppuration team for product development purpose, which is overseen by our product development head Mehedi Hasan.2.0 analysis of juice & soft drinks industryThe beverage industry is an established industry that is still growing because of many different new products it brings in the market and also because of the substantial summation in buying power of people. Globalization is another factor that plays its role in the steady growth of the beverage industry. Because of its establishment, the competitors atomic number 18 able to hold a steady return while the overall industry return is al demeanors mettlesome because of the industry growth. The industry comprises of several genres of products such as juice, soft drinks, null drinks etc. However, we pull up s dissipates be competing in the fruit juice drinks genre with our beverages originating from natural fruits.2.1 Competitor AnalysisSince we exit sell juice drinks products, out main competitor punctuates leave behind be ACME, Pran Frooto, Frutika, Shezan, and Slice. However, these brands mainly sell orange or mango ground juice products while our company will be selling unique products based on sugarcane, grape, lemon, pee melon etc. based drinks. From that perspective, those brands be more like substitute products in the market for our c ompany and our direct competitor in that sense is the Appy Fizz drinks. However, we will consider the previously mentioned brands as our direct competitors since they be the major players in the market and thus that makes more sense from the market viewpoint. The list of our major competitor companies are give belowi. Pran (Fruit juice and drink)ii. Akij Food and Beverage (Fruit juice)iii. Globe downlike Drinks and Beverage (Fruit juice and drink)iv. Abul Khair Consumer Goods (Fruit juice and drink)v. Partex Beverage (Fruit drink)vi. Hashem Foods (Fruit juice)vii. Transcom Beverage (Fruit juice)viii. Acme Agrovet & Beverages (Fruit juice)ix. Pepsico (Slice)Figure 2 Bangladesh fruit juice and drinks industry market share (Haque, n.d.) 2.2 Industry attractive featureAccording to Porter (1980) there are five major competitive forces (Rivalry among firms, Threat of new entrants, Threat of substitutes, Bargaining power of suppliers, Bargaining power of buyers) in the market that determ ines the potential of an industry and its firms in terms of profitability since they significantly affect pricing. Following Porters competitive forces model analysis, we have effect the following feedback for the industry.Table 1 Porters five competitive forces analysis (self)Our findings suggest that the industry we want to operate into is very lucrative and imprecateable as it mostly poses a moderate level of threat to overall industry profitability. 3.0 market analysis3.1 securities industry definitionWe have more devolve and specific information about the market and we are also aware of the customer demand and choices. The juice and soft drinks market always expect new quality products. Based on our Research and Development, we are determined to serve our customer needs and wants with a amount of moneyly new taste of juice drinks like Canned Sugarcane Drinks. Our initial market consists of Dhaka city with a population of around 10 chronicleion and our luff market incl ude .80 million of that population.3.2 SWOT AnalysisWe have identified some factors that define our strengths and weaknesses of our business that will affect the market and some opportunities and threats that the market face ups to our business.3.2.1 StrengthsWe have a smart and experienced management team that will whiz us to success. We also have a very good relationship with our suppliers and other stakeholders. Our core stimulation products are manufactured or found locally in the country so we can make believe them quickly and easily also the price will be cheaper while the transportation cost will be minimized. We already have a reputation for providing good quality raw juice products.3.2.2 WeaknessesWe are entering the beverage industry as a new name so we will face a lot of competition and also our intuition will take time to get established. We will introduce ourselves with only one product. This less of product septification is not going to reach all of our target ma rket. We also have challenges to carry the product safety and quality since it is a foodproduct and any little mistake may lead to lawsuit problems.3.2.3 OpportunitiesThe beverage market expects new taste and flavor which we are going to bring. The industry is of high growth rate and it is still increasing with the increase in peoples income and need for quality life. Countrys infrastructure of communication, transportation, and media is improving that will make things easy for our business. The positive economic bm also helps our cause.3.2.4 ThreatsThere are already major rivals competing in the industry unfluctuatingly. Moreover, there are operational substitute products in the market which takes away the go of pricing a little from us. The political unrest in the country also poses threat to our business and the overall industry. As the product is new and innovative, the company has to consider some critical issues, which are as follows- The products sales growth will be slo w and our company may face loss in the very first year of their operation.Thus the company has to hold the products position for first 12 month, which is admirable. As the product is new in the market, it will take too much time to stay in the heart of the consumer and the beginning consumers will be innovators. Thus attractive and effective marketing will be needed to attract, grow, and retain the customers. The marketing objectives will be to create product sentience and trial. The company must use heavy sales promotion to entice trial that is matter of investing huge amount of money. The products cost per customer will be high, as the product is lunching ab initio4.0 marketing planOur marketing objective is to initially attempt to introduce the product in the market and establish a brand compute, and to achieve a sales target of 68, 9850 units per year. Initially it may take 2 to 3 years until we reach such level but that is the target we want to meet.4.1 Market Segmentation a nd Target MarketWe will segment the market using several geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral variables.4.1.1 RegionalRegionally we will segment the market in rural, urban, and suburban parts. We select urban and suburban areas as our target market since rural people are not likely to get a product with a good price that comes from a product they produce in mass.4.1.2 Age groupThere are people of different ages in our target market. It includes children, teenagers, young adults, and middle aged and elderly people. We select children, teenagers and young adults as our target market since they are the people that are fond of juice based soft drinks. Middle aged and elderly people are excluded because most of them suffer from diabetics and ours is a sugar based product.4.1.3 Income levelThe income of people ranges from low, lower middle, middle, higher(prenominal) middle, and high income. We want to target from middle income level to high income level people because p eople with lower income than that will feel the product highly priced.4.1.4 salubrious-disposed classThere are lower class, lower middle class, middle class, swiftness middle class, upper lower class, upper class, upper upper class etc. in the society. We want to target people from middle class to upper class because the can product will suit their class. Upper upper class people generally do not like new local brands.4.1.5 User statusUsers can be divided into categories based on their use of a new product. It consists of potential user, first-time user, regular user etc. We want to target the first two groups for now since regular user will not try our product until it becomes a trend.4.2 Marketing StrategyThe greatest objective is to establish our new brand in the industry. The marketing strategy will seek to first create customer awareness regarding the product and establishing connections with targeted markets and work toward building customer loyalty and referrals. The speci fic marketing strategies include4.2.1 Increase awareness and brand imageInform the consumers about our new product Canned Sugarcane Drinks. Throughadvertisement, leaflets, events we can increase awareness of the product and establish image of our product.4.2.2 Cross sellingWe can use our existing distributors to distribute our new product. We will also be able to cross sell our new product with our existing products. This will help us promoting our new product to the market.4.2.3 Quality and cost leadershipOur strategy is for being the quality and cost leader in the market. We will offer the best quality unique drink in the market which will make us differentiated quality leader in the market. We will also be reducing our cost through the use of local raw clobbers through existing suppliers, latest technology, and economies of scale.4.2.4 Mass production and distributionWe will also going for mass distribution of our product. We want to distribute our product each and every corner of the country. We hope to make our product available to all the customers within 2011. Consumers will get the drink where ever he or she goes.4.3 Marketing MixThe marketer E. Jerome McCarthy proposed a four Ps salmagundi in 1960, which has since been used by marketers throughout the world (Needham, 1996). It includes strategies in product itself, pricing, place or distribution, and promotion. Our planned marketing mix follows4.3.1 ProductOur product will enable our customers to have a different experience to taste in juice based soft drinks. They will be able to differentiate our product in quality and test which are unique in the soft drink market. They will not be able to feel the same way for the other soft drinks in the market. Our first product is a canned sugarcane based drinks called the Eclipse Sugarcane Pop. It is a quality sugarcane based cold drinks beverage that includes many nutrition factors and comes with a 250ml attractive package. It is the first of its kind in t he market.4.3.2 PriceThe other juice drinks, soft drinks, and energy drinks products of same sizecharge more than 25 taka while we are going to price our product at exactly Tk. 25 per 250ml can. It does carry its brand value along with a competitive price offer.4.3.3 PlaceAs mentioned earlier, we will be doing mass distribution through building a strong and coordinated distribution network. We will provide sales based incentive programs to motivate our distributors to sell more. Bottled soft drinks are distributed through different channels out front reaching the consumer. A small proportion of goods go through distributors, who serve as middlemen, facilitating further distribution and warehousing. Up to 50% of soft drinks are purchased by the consumer in supermarkets and general retailers. Other retail outlets include fast food and drinking venues convenience stores and gas stations vending Machine trading trading operations smaller outlets (such as drug stores, community cente rs) and exports. We can use either rail or road for transporting our products for distribution.But in case of By Road, we will maintain a contract with a specific petrol pump. We will receive the bill of petrol through fax, e-mail or SMS and the bill will be cleared by banks through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). After receiving and checking the consignment we will store some quantity of juice in the Dhaka office and rest of the product will be sent to the warehouse. The Dhaka office will contact with the warehouse through mobile. Though we are not using any distributor the retailer will collect carrot from our Dhaka office. So, we can say that the Dhaka office will be our bear down of Selling (POS).4.3.4 PromotionAs we are new in the industry, our major marketing strategy is to make extensive promotional campaigns in order to get recognized in the market. There are many media through which we can achieve that. We strongly prefer television, billboards, print and online social media to do our promotional activities. We can also visit school, college, universities and other crowded places to offer free samples of our product.5.0 management team and new company structureThe management team of a extend up business typically consists of the founder or founders and a handful of key management personnel. It includes thefounders, board of directors, board of advisors, managers, key personnel etc. A management team represents some of the most talented and experienced professionals in the industry.5.1 Executive OfficersMasrur Ahmed Roman, CEO and Co-FounderAs chief executive incumbent of Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd., Masrur Ahmed Roman is responsible for companys top management decisions, generally reflecting in all business function areas. He co-founded the Eclipse Chill Drinks. He holds a Masters of Business Administration degree from IBA-JU and has an overall 10 years of industry experiences.Subrata Howlader, CFO and Co-FounderHe is the chief financial officer of the company who will oversee the accounting and finance department. He will be responsible for the arrangement of funds, financial projections etc. He also co-founded the Eclipse Chill Drinks and also holds a MBA degree from IBA-JU. He worked as a senior finance officer in a reputed company for more than 5 years. Saiful Islam, Executive DirectorAs executive director, he is responsible for the external matters of Company building partnerships and broader business relationships, government outreach and technology thought leadership, as well as advising the CEO and senior leadership on business and policy issues. He has the experience of being the Assistant Managing Director of a reputed company for 10 years and also holds a masters degree from Dhaka University. Mahamud Hasan, Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer He leads company global teams for legal, public policy, communications, corporate development/mergers and acquisitions, and product quality operations. He also serves as chairman of Companys investment. Mahamud Hasan has a LLB degree and also got a masters degree from Dhaka University.5.2 Board of DirectorsMasrur Ahmed Roman, Chairman of the board, CEO, Co-founderHe has successfully led the Eclipse Chill Drinks since its origin and now will lead the board of directors of Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. TusharChanda, Co-founderHe has been the head of sales and marketing department of Eclipse Chill, holds MBA degree from IBA-JU, and co-founded the company. Minhazul Abedin, Food and Beverage ExpertHe has got a masters degree in agricultural studies from Japan. He will provide the technical expertise and advice regarding the beverage products and its quality.5.3 Board of AdvisorsKhondokar Mominul Haque, Co-founderHe has been successfully managing the operations department of Eclipse Chill Drinks. He will now also serve as an advisor of the Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. Al Masud, Co-founderHe has been the head of Human Resources department of Eclipse Chill Drinks, holds a MBA degree from IBA-JU, and co-founded the company. He is also a co-founder of the Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. Maruf Ahmed, Managing Director, Shahjalal BankHe will provide financial and capital related advice and help. Irine Sultana, Vice President, Agro GroupShe will provide product and market related advice.Mehedi Hasan, Co-founderHe is overseeing the Research and Development team and will lead the product development besides being an advisor to the firm.5.4 Other ProfessionalsOther professionals include our attorney, who will provide legal advice and assistance, our accountant, who will record the financial activities and prepare financial reports, a management consultant, who will provide management consultancy, and a banker, who will help deal with bank transactions issues. 5.5 New Company StructureFigure 3 New Organizational Structure of Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. (self)6.0 operations planFormally, an operation is the process thro ugh which resource inputs are converted into useful outputs (Viehland, 2005). It outlines how the business will be run and how your product or service will be produced and distributed. It is a useful way to illustrate how your business will be rundescribing it in terms of back stage (unseen to the customer) and front stage (seen by the customer) activities.6.1 command Approach to OperationsIt illustrates the back stage view and the front stage view of the operations. Our operations plan includes a manual for operations. The technical approach to the operations manual is illustrated belowFigure 4 Operations manual for Sugarcane drinks production (Seleghim, n.d., p.22) We already have a good relationship with the suppliers who provide us a large amount of raw sugarcane regularly. Our supplies mainly come from Rajshahi, Faridpur, and Kushtia districts. We have already obtained the required business license from the government and the Dhaka City deals. superfluously, we have acquired the permit from Health Ministry and Dhaka City Corporations. Our operating hours will be standard 8.5 hours of work including two breaks of 15 minutes each and a lunch break of 30 minutes. We will be extracting raw sugarcane juice and process it to produce a nutritious drink that will be canned for distribution, all in an automated process. The distribution network will be based on Dhaka.6.2 Business LocationOur manufacturing plant will be located in Gazipur. We have acquired a piece of 5acres of land on lease in Gazipur. It is not far from the highway and therefore the transportation for both raw materials and final products will be easier. It includes an artificial pond where our soft industrial wastes can be dumped. For heavy industrial wastes, we have contacted the Gazipur City Corporation for help and guidance. We have also acquired a permit from Gazipur City Corporation.6.3 Facilities and EquipmentWe have contacted the a Chinese equipment manufacturer who is ready to make a d eal to provide us with required quality machineries and agreed to keep a back up for major machineries in case of our emergency need. The manufacturing plant will have all the necessary safety and security measures and equipment. Our legal advisor is already working on creating a safety related guidelines and policy. The production process has got updated with a new technological advancement. We will be taking this chance and set up thefacility accordingly.7.0 product design and development plan7.1 Product DescriptionEclipse Chill Beverage Ltd. will sell a 250ml canned nutritious drink based on sugarcane juice that is enriched with Vitamin C. The product is called Eclipse Sugarcane Pop and it is totally a new product coming from the result of our outsourced R & D team effort. The juice is obtained by crushing unsanded sugar cane in a mill. It can be a hand cranked machine, or powered. Then this raw juice will be sent to sterilization machine for sterilization, addition of nutritiou s elements, and packaging, all in an automated process.Table 2 Nutrition facts in Eclipse Sugarcane Pop (self)7.2 Additional IngredientsSugar, or other sweeteners such as high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), fruit and carbonated water (constituting on average 94% of a soft drink) are the main ingredients of our soft drinks and are used in varying quantities. Other minor ingredients added in very low concentrations include flavorings derived from fruit (such as orange used in Fanta) acids (most commonly citric acid) additives to enhance flavor texture aroma appearance emulsions (most commonly gums and pectin) to enhance appearance and preservatives and antioxidants (BHA, ascorbic acid, or other course occurring additives) to maintain color and flavor. Sugar production in mills requires a significant amount of energy and water and is only economically viable in very large scale sugar mill operations. Citrus fruit is the most processed fruit for soft drink production.7.3 PackagingThere are three types of packaging associated with the industry primary packaging, which is the soft drink container secondary packaging, which is the packaging used to group together individual primary packaging and ordinal packaging, which is used to group together secondary packaging. This is due to the raw materials, energy, water and waste involved in production/recycling and the impacts of disposal such as littering, landfill space and the pollutants produced when incinerated from waste to use asenergy. Primary packaging of Eclipse Sugarcane Pop includes teen can with appropriate encompass design and labels. secondary winding packaging includes hard paper box cartoons. Tertiary packaging includes hardboard boxes.7.4 Product Development7.4.1 Product desirabilityBangladesh has a tropical monsoon-type climate, with a calefactive and rainy summer and a dry winter. It has warm temperatures throughout the year, with relatively little variation from month to month. January is the coolest m onth with temperatures averaging near 26C and whitethorn the warmest with temperatures from 33 to 36 C. It is warm and humid. In general, the temperatures ranging from as low as 3C during the night in the winter season to as high as 40C in the summer season (Haque, n.d.). Bangladeshi people tend to be thirstier due to the warm temperature. So they prefer to take soft drinks and juices most of the time. At present people are used to drink sugarcane juice from local vendors.Vendors extract juice from sugarcane and present it to the customer in a glass. These vendors usually sit in open places and are not concerned about hygiene factors. So from the preparation to manifestation of sugarcane juice an unhygienic approach is followed by the local vendors. Thirsty people are drinking the juice as no more sugarcane juice providers are in the market currently providing hygienic sugarcane juice. So desirability for hygienic sugarcane juice drinks is very high.7.4.2 Product demandIn Banglades h, almost 9 months of a year is summer. So there is always existence of the demand for soft drinks, juice, energy drinks etc. Consumers of these are ready to buy 250 ml, 500 ml and 1liter packages. However, initially we are considering only the 250ml package until it creates enough demand for our product in the market. It has been found that 15 furnish (200 ml per glass) of sugarcane juice are being sold per summer hour. The highest sale of the traditional sugarcane juice available right now is 400 glasses in a 10-hour day that is 40 glasses per hour. The lowest sale is 80 glasses in a 10 hour day that is 8 glasses per hour. Normally the lowest sales days are the rainy days (Haque, n.d).7.5 ManufacturingIn this product manufacturing process (usually referred to as the bottling process) water nicety takes place to ensure that the flavor and quality of the beverage are not affected by bacteria or unwanted substances. A series of water purification processes take place such as coagul ation, flocculation, filtration and sterilization. Reverse osmosis is increasingly used as the main final treatment process. Dissolved sugar, juice and flavor concentrates are pumped into batch tanks where they are carefully mixed making syrup. Some syrup, such as the fruit-based syrups, is sterilized. The whole bottling process uses between 2 and 4 liters of water per liter of soft drink that is produced, and between 0.5 and 1.0 mega joules per liter of soft drink creates energy in human body. Additional information regarding the manufacturing process has been covered in the Operations Plan section.8.0 financial projectionsThe Eclipse Chill Beverage financial picture is quite promising. Eclipse Chill Beverage is operating a immediate payment business the initial cost is significantly less than many start-ups these days. The financial investment in its employees will be one of the greatest differentiators between Eclipse Chill Beverage Ltd and its competitors. The Eclipse Chill Bev erage Ltd anticipates the initial combination of investments and long-term financing to carry it without the need for any additional equity or debt investment, beyond the purchase of equipment or facilities.The financial plan depends on important assumptions, most of which are shown in the following table. The key underlying assumptions are1. sales Revenue Yearly 689850 Unit 25tk per unit = 17246250 TK .Sales revenue will be increase as 2nd year-6%, 3rd year-10%, and 4th year-15% 2. Cost of goods sold Our COGS are determining 50% of the sales price. In manufacture overhead we include two things direct labor & direct material. Direct labor = 768000 TK (Yearly), Direct material= 7281750 taka Yearly & Factory overhead cost yearly is =472000. So, Total cost of goods sold = (768000+7281750+472000) =8521750 & Ending inventory for the 1st year is =1040250 tk. 3. Advertising expense present include TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet, Leaflets, Visiting card Allover advertising cost is =35800 0(yearly).But this will be increase at the 5% from the 2nd to 5th year 4. Salaries our total worker salary is =1152000Tk.It will also increase if profit is increase.5. Insurance Total about is 15000000Tk and for this our insurance is 8000000Tk for the 10 years =8000000/10 =800000(yearly) 6. Deprecation Our depreciation is 20% of the total equipment cost. Our total equipment cost AC cost=40000*6 =240000, Purchase fun= 1200*6= 24000, Computer cost= 30000*6 = 1800000, Purchase cover van=1000000*2 =2000000. Total cost =2444000. 20% of the total cost =2444000*20% =485000/10 =48500(Yearly) 7. Loan Payment We take 6000000Tk loan from the bank with the interest of 14% for 10 Year 60000000*14%=84000.So ,Principle+ Interest=600000+8400=684000 (Per year) 8. Utilities bill Utilities bill includes Gas, Electricity, and Water. In this Gas and Water bill is fixed and Electricity bill is not fixed.

National-state: Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism Theory

This paper arrestks to analyse and discuss whether national-security paradigm is a thing of the past, or is the can of current transnational politics. This allow too attempt to explain whether there is basis for realists, liberals and constructivists exhaust to rethink the place of the articulate as the primary units of analysis and whether there is basis substantiate the fact that non-state actors endure play an increasingly important theatrical role in international politics. This give also explain whether these non-state actors do diminish the importance of the nation-states as the primary units of analysis.Analysis and DiscussionThis paper believes the national-security paradigm is not yet a thing of the past, as it is the still the basis of current international politics. Every nation will always be there valuing its state security despite the continuing and set ahead evolving globalization.Waltz (2000) think that realism does not die every time stop breaks out. He just saw the change as international politics has having the appearance of being transformed. He did argue that the world, however, has not been transformed as the source view the structure of international politics to have simply been remade by the disappearance of the Soviet Union, and for a time nations live under the concept of unipolarity.Waltz (2000) also viewed the revolution in Soviet affairs and the end of the Cold War to have nor been brought by democracy, interdependence, or international institutions was just still realism and which called morphologic realism.The fact there was just transformation therefore did not make national-security paradigm irrelevant. The paradigm will still be there as great as there as states that exist for it may be argued that state moldiness have security in its territory in the real sense experience for it to claim itself a state under political law principles, for then without security could imply lack of sovereignty.It may now be aske d Do realists, liberals constructivists have to rethink the place of the state as the primary units of analysis? Is there basis to recognize the fact that non-state actors have played an increasingly important role in international politics? Do these non-state factors diminish the importance of the nation-states as the primary units of analysis?This paper believes that realists, liberals and constructivists have to rethink the place of the state as the primary units of analysis as non-state actors have actors have played an increasingly important role in international politics.Current developments provide turn up for non-state actors playing these types of roles. Badie (2001) concluded that the current globalization process beef ups the transnational paradigm that focuses on individuals as international actors, with a new configuration emerging in which politics loses the ranked position implied by realism. He identified and described the three kinds of actors to include the stat e, transnational actors, and identity entrepreneurs to be promoting a special type of commitments. Badie (2001) therefore see a civic commitment to the state, a utilitarian and pragmatic commitment to transnational networks, and a primary commitment to identity entrepreneurs.At the separate extreme, a prognosticate argument may be posed about apparent non-application of the theories of realism, liberalism and constructivism (Checkel, 1998). Mearsheimer, John (1995) discovered the fact that many policymakers and academics believe that institutions hold great promise for promoting international peace. In finding this belief as optimistic, Mearsheimer, (1995), he argued the assessment of institutions is not warranted, but attributed mainly to the three institutionalist theories underpinning the same that are flawed.He asserted the presence of weighty problems with the causal logic of each theory, and little empirical evidence for any of them. As he found little independent effect do institutions have on state behavior, he recognized a very important paradox that although the world does not work the way institutionalist theories say it does or should, those theories run highly influential in both the academic and policy worlds. (Mearsheimer, 1995)He could only surmise that with the limited impact of institutions on state behavior, observers would expect considerable skepticism, plain cynicism, when institutions are described as a major force for peace, while the same institutions are still normally described in capable term by scholars and governing elites. Mearsheimer, (1995) explained his basis on the fact in the academic world, the pervasive impact of realism found itself amply demonstrated in the institutionalist literature.To reinforce the paradox found, and despite the theories influence, the author cited the seriously-thinking Americans about foreign policy issues but still disliking realism intensely, due to conflicts their basic values. By citing Sh imko (1992), he was able to picture how the theory is opposed on Americans way of thinking about themselves and the wider world. (Mearsheimer, 1995)In the absence therefore of convincing declaration that the theories are inapplicable there is still basis to uphold the use of the same in practice. Perhaps anew get along for assessing the worldviews may into the situation. In such context, Mowle (2003) claimed that to have developed a new approach for assessing such worldviews that motivate the decisions of state leaders. He argued that problem representations found in official statements give us the information we need to be able to interpolate worldviews in a wide matter of cases. In arguing that method can yield useful information across a larger number of states and decision-makers than would be provided by constructing a spacious cognitive map of all relevant persons and assessing how they interact as a group-although the infrequent situations where we have such full models, he recommended that use of the same to supplement studies conducted with this approach.He further argued the possibility of extending this approach to other issue areas and other worldviews but he warned to be careful in two areas. One is that it must be possible to define criteria that would be observable in problem representations in the issue area while the other is that must be reasonable to assume that the ideal worldviews setting a baseline for inference bear some resemblance to elements of the actual worldview.Put simply, the argument and evidence of Mowle, (2003) are still poised to still support some view of realism and liberalism, albeit with some problems.With the given dynamism in international relations, other authors yet saw a dilemma in some of the state theories. Sorensen (1996) in discussing the core of Hobbess dilemma found that the state needs to be both steady and weak. He argued that the state needs to be strong in order to be able to create domestic order a nd security and the same state also needs to be weak in the sense of being responsive to society. With his support for realism and liberalism, he argued for necessity of the disciplining instruments as contained in the realist and or the liberal approaches, for without, he believes that state elites will most likely turn predatory.By seeing that predatory state elites are part of the development problem, Sorensen (1996) argued that in no way are they part of the solution. Similarly be still believed that a state which provides for security and order is needed for the promotion of development. In appreciating also Hobbess dilemma has provided helps for observers focus sharply on the problem of predatory state rulers, he was more convinced that the solutions provided by the realist and the liberal approach will required further development in order to work in the context of weak states in the post-cold war world as he is prepared to see the works of possible ways out of the current pr oblems in a manner described earlier.ConclusionIt may be concluded that national security is still a basis of current international politics. While it is true that realists, liberals constructivists have to rethink the place of the state as the primary units of analysis as non-state actors have played an increasingly important role in international politics, there is no enough evidence to warrant removal of the concept of nation-states as part of the units of analysis. It must be admitted however that there have been changes that have happened which must taken into consideration which has the effect of diminishing the importance of nation-states as primary units of analysis. It may be further declared that it is hard to detach the concept of national-security concept or paradigm so long as the concept a state exists in the books.ReferencesBadie, Bertrand (2001), naturalism under Praise, or a Requiem? The Paradigmatic Debate in International Relations , International Political Scien ce Review ,Vol22, no 3,253-260Checkel (1998) The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory World Politics Vol.50, No.2 (January 1998)Mearsheimer, John J. (1995) The False Promise of International Institutions, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3. pp. 5-49.Mowle, T. (2003),Worldviews in unusual Policy Realism, Liberalism, and External Conflict, Political Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 3., pp. 561-592.Shimko, Keith L. (1992) Realism, Neorealism, and American Liberalism, Review of Politics, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 281-301Sorensen, George (1996) Development as a Hobbesian dilemma, Third World Quarterly, Vol 17, No 5, pp 903-916Waltz, Kenneth (2000) Structural Realism after the Cold War, International Security, Vol. 25, No. 1. pp. 5-41.

“Politics and the English language” by George Orwell Essay

This is a statement from the Politics and the English wrangle written by George Orwell. He says, A bounteous usage give the bounce spread by tradition and imitation. The whole essay is mocking another(prenominal) writers on their language usage. He claims that the language is not used to its full extent. People use words the size of continents and in the end those big words say the same(p) thing as a three-letter word. Those pile also end up confusing them selves in the end.I do believe that language is changed by thought. subsequently entirely it is the mind that is the one that thinks of the sentences and its thought that may corrupt the language. After all language does not write it self on a paper. The mind can basically create any thing with language. This is why every(prenominal) thing works in theory. merely practically it doesnt.I do believe that man creates language to express our selves. Some mogul use it to corrupt other thoughts but isnt that why language is t here. So we can understand each other and express our feelings, thoughts and to claim things, even though they ar not true. address according to the oxford dictionary is defined asLanguage noun1.Words and their use.2.The words used in a particular country or by a particular group of people from the Latin lingua=tongueIn a different dictionary it says that language is the system of human expression by means of words. Human language, as expressed by the voice, depends for its production on certain physical characteristics, which ar not possessed by the apes. The left hemisphere of the human brain dominates comprehension and expression of written and spoken language. This cleverness befar searched but maybe this is why communists who believe in all things atomic number 18 equal are called the left wings usually. They are the ones who hope to control every thing in life so maybe that is why they are called the left wings.There are more than than 5000 languages, or dialects, which are classified in families, though the relationships are not all well established. For example, with a few exceptions, e.g. Basque, Finnish, and Tamil, all the languages of Europe and India belong to a single a lot diversified Indo-European family. Computers (using rules of language structure) can now translate technical documents with an 80%accuracy. This just shows the diversity of the modern technology. One problem with translating is that different people interpret the text differently.There have been experiments in Nevada USA to see if chimps have the same ability of creating languages that we understand, the scientist figured that since we where related that this could be possible, they found that chimps are not able to produce the human sounds. So at the moment humans are the only ones that have a language. It office be that other animals have languages as well. But the humans have yet to discover this. It has been discovered that animals do have some sort of communication but we gear yet speak dog or cat.Language can corrupt thought as well. A great example is the novel nineteen eighty-four. As part of a great totalitarian state the government creates one language, newspeak, where no emotion words are in the dictionary. With newspeak there is no route of expressing the true emotions, like hate towards crowing Brother or love towards one and other. It is possible to disagree with the party by using double negation, or making up words. But the characters in the novel are to scared to do so, because if they do they are committing the act of thought crime, and for that they could be vaporized or worse.Communists set up the whole idea of Big Brother. So as mentioned before this magnate have to do with the fact that those people want to stipulate the growth of the left hemisphere of the brain, as this is the part that lets us speak and write language. They probably want to restrict all things because thatwould cause opposition to the party. This skil l lead to the governmental party to loose their power or sharing their power. This is something they want to avoid if they want to become a totalitarian state. The opposition might spoil that for them.I wonder in the future if the world will in a way become some thing like Big Brother. One language, every one alike and no one is allowed to be different. What a boring place that would be. I can imagine that one solar day the world would have one language so would avoid confusions in politics and this would make traveling much easier. Also a students life in high school would be so much easier if you did not have to learn three or four different languages. But language comes along with identity. Going to a different country and hearing a different language is something that might not be any more in the future. We might all be speaking English or a new language like newspeak might be introduced. Maybe the countries might keep their own language but that every country might have that universal language as a second language.But flood tide back to the point if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought, I do think that language can easily corrupt thought. non to one self but if lets say, I tell you that the word believe has been taken out of the dictionary and you believe me and immediately tell all your companions this might cause a great confusion about language. I would be the one who spoilt the language, because what word could you use to replace believe? Synonyms of believe are (according to oxfords Thesaurus.) accept, be certain of, be convinced of, count on, assume, conjecture, consider, gather, and guess. All of these words might be the same, but they cant really replace believe, because as all words, believe has a unique meaning that cant exactly be replaced.In conclusion to ascertain as to if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought, I totally agree. But I dont take the statement as serious as George Orwell does. H e gives many examples of bad writing in the essay Politics and the English language, but I think I speak for everyone that one of those examples we use in our language every day. Does this makeus bad writers? According to Orwell we are. I know its just his opinion but he defiantly takes extremes and basically says that all essays, novels, political speeches that dont look like his own style of writing, are bad language.

Historical Paper

Here is a paper on historic Report on Race Historical Report on Race Nigel Faison ETH/125- Cultural Diversity June 24, 2012 Tiff Archie Axia College of the University Phoenix Historical Report on Race Dear, John Doe I am writing you this letter to let you know some of the struggles of African Americans throughout history. It is my sincere hope, that this helps you to understand the people of my race better furthermore, I hope that it answers some(prenominal) questions that you may have had. Since we are friends, I just wanted to give you some insight into my culture.My people were brought to this country in 1619, to work for white people, and by 1661, Virginia had enacted the very first slave law. By 1776, the year the United States declared its independence from Great Britain, slavery was levelheaded in every state, and African Americans agonistic as slaves throughout the North as well as the South. (Social Probelms, Ch. 3, p. 65). From the beginning, my people were being subjec ted to a life of servitude. During the slave trade African American families were routinely split up for profit.Can you imagine the effect that this had on the people, to have their families torn apart? African Americans had to do whatever they were told to do by their so called get the hang and if they did not as history tells us, they were whipped, beaten, and even hanged. It was said that African Americans were not really people. (Social Problems, Ch. 3, p. 65). This is how a society that was supposed to be civilized viewed other tender beings. Later, after slavery ended, African Americans continued to face prejudice and discrimination in their everyday lives.African Americans were being denied their basic civil rights and institutional discrimination was the norm. African Americans were not allowed to go to school with whites, drink from the same water fountains, stay at the same hotels, eat at the same restaurants, vote, and had to give up their dirty dog to white people on the bus. Proof of this can be seen in a ruling of the Supreme homage of the United States. In the 1857 Dred Scott case, the U. S. Supreme Court stated that slaves were not citizens entitled to the rights and protections of U. S. law. This was backed up by segregation and Jim crowing laws. Social Problems, Ch. 3, p. 65). Some of the political, social, and cultural issues and concerns throughout American history for African Americans were gaining our freedom, civil rights, and equality for our people. Our people had been through so very much and the fight to gain these things would take years, even today, the issue of equality seems to still not be settled as reflected in the wages paid to African Americans. The median pay of White work force is $52,273, for woman it is $40,219. The median pay of Black men is $40,219, for woman it is $32,829.In addition, it is said that the level of education has nothing to do with the gap, because even at the highest levels it is still present. ( Racial and Ethnic Groups, Ch. 3, p. 67). Why are we paid so much less for performing the same jobs? I think that discrimination has to be playing a role here, would you agree? John, as I mentioned earlier slavery, segregation, and Jim Crow laws were enacted against African Americans. These laws were established to deny us of our civil rights and allowed for legal discrimination against African Americans.Organizations or groups that fought against these laws were, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the coition of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). They fought these laws by having protests, demonstrations, political organizing, and voter registration drives in the Civil Rights Movement (1950s and 1960s). The results of these actions were laws such as, the Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965). http//nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/free dom/1917beyond/essays/crm. htm). What these laws achieved, with one addition, is the following Civil Rights Act of 1964 (prohibiting segregation in avocation and public accommodations), the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (banning voting requirements that prevented African Americans from having a political voice), and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (which outlawed discrimination in housing). Together, these laws brought an end to most legal discrimination in public

Long Attention Span May Be Resistant To Interruption Education Essay

The cause of giftedness is still problematic. It could be a familial or environment factor or both. Current believing suggests that the importance of the cistron is greater, though without appropriate nutriment, the adroit kid s possible can frequently stay unrealized. There atomic number 18 some indexs which may propose a kid is gifted.Some features of giftednessReads early with great comprehensionLearns faster with less repeat and patternHas a long attending span may be immune to interruptionUnderstands and makes abstractions earlier may disregard inside informationsIs funny and tends to inquire complex questions/Likes to cognize why and how things happenIs speedy to acknowledge relationships, including cause-effect may hold trouble accepting the unlogicalIs bored with all(prenominal)day undertakingsHas big vocabulary and expresses himself goodIs emotionally lovesome/may overreactIs a groovy and watchful perceiverEvaluates facts, statements, and individuals critically/May be self-critical, impatient or critical of othersHigh energyLearns by experimenting and manipulating objects attempts to happen replies to inquiries in unusual waysIs originative, imaginative and original. Displaies extremely developed sense of wit transforms gags that age equal would nonThe above features of the talented kids set them apart from the others. We would be incorrect if we were to state that talented kids are all-around. The fact that this group of pupils who have been singled out and labeled as talented , are frequently mistaken as sole group of elitists. As a consequence, they are being left out from their equals. The giftedness do hold a great impact in their lives. The great disagreement between a talented kid s strengths and failings makes him/her difficult to suit anyplace and therefore behavioural jobs occur.The perfectionism in talented pupils leads to high grade of self-criticism, competition and/or chimerical public presentation outlooks. Hence, given the intense desire to fulfill wonder, they feel restricted in analysing a problem-based acquisition if there is clip allotment. Task would be excessively easy or excessively hard for them that limits the pupils possibility for success. The talented pupils normally do non hold accurate self-knowledge about their ability. They are ace sensitive to societal feedback. Their desire for independency leads to efforts to command the state of affairs. Unfortunately, instructors and others frequently have unrealistic outlooks of high public presentation in all countries systematically, but are uncomfortable with differentness and fear superior cognition. When individualism is non valued in for the talented pupils, it will take them to societal isolation because there is no positive obligation theoretical account present and that their desires and abilities may non fit chances.When utilizing advanced job resolution, gifted pupils tend to pull strings their equals and instructor. They are non interested in memorisation, repeat, or lower degrees of believing. They are unable to command their emotions and easy frustrated, embarrassed or aggressive toward people who create obstructions. This hinders them to hold energy to prevail to completion of a end. This could be due to school activities, which are non differentiated or disputing or offer no deepness and complexness.Teachers should non label the talented pupils for their differences and avoid them. They label them to understand them, their background and their strengths so that they can make an inclusive acquisition environment. The instructors beliefs are really of import. Differences should be seen as a norm instead than the exclusion and that every kid is alone. The actions from the instructors can do a difference in the kid s life be it at present or in the hereafter. When the instructors launch regard and attention to the pupils, they influence the pupils to make the same to othersTo supply the demands of the ta lented pupils in the mainstream schoolrooms and maximise everyone s chance and potency, instructors can tap on these attacks cooperative acquisition, real-life context acquisition and autonomous acquisition. The ultimate end is to allow pupils to larn about the contents than the instructors giving all the replies, instructors function is to place cardinal constructs, rules and initiation of content country indispensable for all pupils to hold on.Through collaborative acquisition, pupils with different strengths can work together and they process information in ninefold ways, giving more thoughts to a group work. This helps talented pupils to expose their strength, pulling their wonder and sharing penetrations with the remainder of the category. In real-life context acquisition, pupils get to see what is taught beyond text editions, so that talented pupils would non easy acquire bored. And eventually, with autonomous acquisition, pupils get to take the country of involvements and read up utilizing multiple texts and a assortment of election stuffs. These give freedom and independency for acquisition, and besides transfuse the ownership of the pupils work. Cipher sees the air incumbent neither you, nor I. But when the trees bow down their caputs, the air current is go throughing by. Merely as we can non see the air current, we can non happen, run on, or transplant acquaintance. Yet we see the working or manifestations of intelligence in the behaviours of people.Gifted pupils do non hold the ability to place their strengths, so make their equals and instructors. But if the instructors believe in them and set up a nuance that values and purchases on diverse endowments, non merely will the talented pupils will profit, all kids would be nurtured, developed and challenged in this inclusive acquisition community in a more pregnant manner. This is when we realize and treasure their intelligence.( 1069 words )

Breathing Life Into Your Work

Love. How grass such a small(a) word mean so much? It can make you feel as mighty as the wind or as miser adapted as the penniless. Funny, but youll never micturate that you argon totally a different person when you are struck by love. I recall my favorite song which is Crazy Over You. Who would hurl thought that love could drive somebody in the verge of madness and yet still be happy with the experience? Try to imagine get crazy over a person you love and secure think that I am power point over heels for you and that just feels great. Sometimes, the heart makes decision, that the mind cannot explain, and this is when champion will eventually realize that he or she is already in a vessel steering hard enough to be in the seaport of safety, hoping that it would end well. Based from the song, a love can get so consuming, and in the process of the romantic relationship, a person may lose oneself or might as well say that a little of everything may desert you nothing. Love is s trong enough to hit somebody in the head and make that person forget who he or she really is the following day.However, I find the song interesting because in a broader sense, it is not just a manifestation of the typical crazy love. Underneath it lies the truth that when you love, you have to give your best shot, and alongside that love, you have to be able to leave something for yourself. In general, falling in love can be a sweet tormentsweet, because it offers you the ride that you ever dreamed of, and torment, because by the time that you are already consumed by it, you will never know where you are headed next and you will just realize you are already losing yourself.Chocolates I love chocolates. They cue me of my childhood when I can still stick my fingers into my mouth and feel the sweet taste of chocolate bursting on my tongue. I love the aroma of burnt umber wafting from the kitchen. It makes me imagine how sweet life can be. As a child, I was corresponding an ant that s warms over anything sweet. I grabbed every chocolate at business firm that my eyes set upon. I was so hooked into chocolates that I ate them until my teeth ached. I just cant get over the satisfaction that chocolates have to offer.Whenever I think of chocolates, they also make me think of having freedom. I wonder why that is. Then, a thought occurred to me when I was a kid, chocolate was something that my parents considered as unhealthy, but what can I do? I had a sweet tooth, and being able to eat chocolates at my own expense was like stating that I would be able to eat whatever I liked to eat. Hence, for me, chocolate is more than just a candy. Chocolate is my friend, my companion during the lonely moments of my life.Indeed, my life would not be finish without chocolates. Tired I have two jobs right now, and I can say that I am working like a machine all the time. It is as if among the weariness that most people bear, mine is the worst. Everyday is like a travel through a thousa nd miles, and at the end of the day, I am always out of energy. After coming home from work, I feel like my whole body is under a massive flutter and I could feel the sore piercing through my muscles.What adds up to the feeling of exhaustion is the undeniable churning of my stomach. As I arrive at our house, on that point is a sense of excitement within me. As I hurriedly go inside, my nose picks up the faint aroma of food spices. What is really electrifying is that mother prepares something special, and that is what I am looking forward to. With the hunger I am feeling which is intensified by my weariness, I could eat a horse. By the time that I am through munching on my food, I will lay my restless body on my waiting bed and sleep like a log.

Othello – Notions of Powerplay

Othello embraces many instances involving the dynamic of Powerplay. This can be examined done the relationships of characters being Othello, Iago, Roderigo and Desdemona. Iagos relationship with Othello is where the heart-to-heartest examples of Powerplay can be viewed. Iago maintains an overarching role over Othello in the play. Iago is successful in manipulating both the truth and Othello, describing Casios departure from his meeting with Desdemona that he would steal away so guilty like, seeing you advance. Iagos tremendous gift with language allows him to maintain power over Othello by essentially planting doubt in his mind.Throughout the play, Iago is successful in manipulating Othello by dint of his artificial language which portrays himself as an honest friend who is there for assistance. This is reiterated throughout the play with constant repetition of the word honest when describing Iago and this is bluely ironic as he is clear the most dishonest character in Othello . Iago is often seen enraging Othello by providing extra, unnecessary details about Desdemonas supposed betrayal. Whilst attempting to remain innocent and of a moral high ground , Iagos gift with language enables this manipulation to have a greater effect on his victim, Othello.This is clearly conveyed when he describes Desdemonas unfaithfulness with Cassio where he lies with her, on her, what you give. This has an astronomical impact on the berth whos response is furious and vicious. Iagos manipulation is further explored when he quotes after Othello has a epileptic fit my medicine, work . This enables the earreach to understand Iagos thoughts and offers them insight as he acknowledges that his medicine, being his language is having a huge effect on Othello. He is now in complete declare and possesses complete power.Powerplay can be notable seen through the relationship of Othello and Desdemona as she is innocent of all his accusations and only lives to serve him. Given the con text, being Venice and Cyprus in the sixteenth century the men are the more powerful and capable whereas women serve a stereotypical purpose. This is also seen in Othello where Desdemona is entirely faithful to her husband the Moor as he is in control of the relationship. Often, however the powerplay is turned around as Desdemona is capable of convincing Othello with her delicate voice and he becomes her victim.Ultimately, the both decrease victim to Iago, the ultimate manipulator and this is clear when he visits Desdemona, asking Can he be angry? after she confides in him about Othellos belief in her unfaithfulness which originated from Iago. This is highly ironic and makes clear the extent of Iagos power and control over all the characters. The relationship of Iago and Roderigo is based on power and manipulation as Iago uses him for financial gain. Roderigo is blurred in his ways by his love and lust for Desdemona and Iago recognises and capitalises on the opportunity he sees by this.This is clearly seen when Roderigo tells Iago that he will incontinently float myself as he believes he will never have Othellos wife and after only minutes, Iago is able to convince him to sell all my land in order to provide Iago with financial support. Immediately, Roderigo then leaves and the audience is confronted with a soliloquy by Iago, referring to Roderigo as a snipe and explaining he has no emotional joining with Roderigo and he only uses him for his money.This offers insight into Iago, his evil train of thought and his manipulative qualities. Thus it can be seen that Othello clearly offers forward examples of Powerplay which can be examined through relationships within the play. Ultimately, at the centre of all Powerplay is Iago who is capable of extraordinary manipulation due to his strong ability with language, with his most obvious examples being Othello, Desdemona and Roderigo. The powerplay is so clear between the characters that is becomes very clear that m anipulation is one of the foundations of powerplay.

Dear Phyllis Essay

Im writing to you to say goodbye. Im in the prison now. I am sad to say Ill be executed tomorrow because I fly from the camp. I be intimate you will feel so sad and miserable. only when I hope you do not to feel too unhappy. Being shot is the same as letting me successfully contend that hateful camp, hateful country. However, its to be regretted that I will let my mother be whole again. Im so sorry about that I couldnt go back to Germany that I cant look after her in the future. My death will regret by her.And a lot to my regret let Christoph die accompany me. Phyllis, my beloved, I despaired when you decided not to go with me and had changed your mind when I met you on the highway at that night. Im not sure why my beloved so easily changed her mind. I think you have your reasons. Anyway, I think you must be anxious to know why we have been captured. We according to our plan and with two other comrades had sailed in safety across the channel. But mistaking our bearings we stee red into Jersey, think that the island was the French coast.Unfortunately, we were perceived in that island, and they delivered up to the authorities. The death punishment is being silent for Christoph and me the sentence for two was accordingly commuted to flogging because we interceded for them when we were captured. I know I will be unawares tomorrow, but I will remember you and love you forever. You are evermore my beloved, you all be always in my mind. At least I hope you wouldnt feel too broken disembodied spirit when I die. Dont blame yourself. Forget me, live happily and well in the future. adieu My beloved. Love from Matthaus Tina

Responsible Accounting Essay

1. Identify at least two behavioral that could ariseThere are two capability behavior advantages if motorcoach accepts and participate in the responsibility accounting system and participatory budgeting system. Responsibility accounting is used to m the performance of people and department to sustain goal congruence whereas, participatory budgeting system is a budgeting knead under which those people impacted by a budget are actively involved in the budget creation process. When BSCS manager is likely to accept the system and be motivated to make up the budget target, they were actively involved in setting the goals and whap what is expected of them. It would be motivate them to proposal ahead and promote goal congruence. Besides that, manager would be pleased to be responsible just now for those items they can control because they have certain objective to be contactd. Furthermore, communication and group cohesiveness would be improved because managers would feel part of a team due to participate in both provision and implementation system that are to be adopted2. Identify at least two potential problems that could arise Responsible Accounting SystemIn BSC responsible accounting system, the two potential problems that skill be arise if the manager did not accept the changes in the philosophy. First they will be a problem if they could not resent in being measured on an individual basis instead than the new system. They may have responsible for costs over which they have no control on it. So the manager moldiness understand the new responsibilities in new culture of management and how they must operates and gives cooperation on it. If the manager did not accept the changes, they might face with the high focus on their avow departments goal and this will contribute to the lack of communication between departments and to the company performance.dynamic Budgeting SystemParticipating budgeting system encouraged the manager to be more motivated in doin g their jobs and take responsibility to achieve the organization goals. This will encourage creativity and also ideas to the organizationcommunity to work as a team and giving cooperation to each other. However, overemphasis on department goals can hurt cross departmental employee similarity due to the different motivation and also goals.3. Discuss the likelihood that the system will contribute to the junction of organisational and own(prenominal) goals. Responsibility Accounting System.This system is used to measure the performance of people and departments to foster goal congruence. It means that the employees and organization are achieving and have same goals and objective. Therefore, if the company adopting this system it will ease to ensure that the organizational and personal goals are aligned and help to achieve companys objective. Since mercenary Maintenance, Inc. took the time to fully explain and communicate the system to BSCs managers, by pointing out the advantages and encouraging their participation, organizational and personal goals will likely become aligned. Hence, it will increase the management performance as closely as the company reputations.Participatory Budgeting System.Participatory budgeting is a process of democratic and decision making, and a typesetters case of participatory democracy, in which managers or employees decide how to allocate the organization budget. Participatory budgeting allows both organization and employees to identify, talk of and gives them the power to make real decisions about how money is spent. If the company implementing this system it will give usefulness equally to the organization and employees because the managers and employees will involve in setting up the organization budget. They will know and understand more what the company wants and needs. Therefore, this system also will contribute to the alignment of organizational and personal goals and give lots of benefit to BSC.

Art After Philosophy (1969) Joseph Kosuth Essay

The fact that it has recently become fashionable for physicists themselves to be sympathetic toward religion . . . marks the physicists give birth lack of confidence in the validity of their hypotheses, which is a reaction on their p contrivance from the anti ghostly dogmatism of nineteenth-century scientists, and a natural outcome of the crisis by dint of which physics has just passed. A. J. Ayer. . . . once unmatchable has understood the Tractatus there leave behind be no temptation to concern singleself either more than with doctrine, which is neither falsifiable like science nor redundant like mathematics peerless result, like Wittgenstein in 1918, aban fag philosophy, which, as tradition completelyy understood, is rooted in confusion. J. O. Urmson.Traditional philosophy, almost by description, has concerned itself with the un give tongue to. The nearly exclusive focus on the said by twentieth-century uninflectedal lingual philosophers is the sh atomic number 18d co ntention that the unsaid is unsaid beca routine it is unsayable. Hegelian philosophy made scent out in the nineteenth century and must postulate been soothing to a century that was b arly get over Hume, the Enlightenment, and Kant.1 Hegels philosophy was also capable of giving cover for a defense of religious beliefs, supplying an alternative to Newtonian mechanics, and fitting in with the growth of history as a discipline, as come up as accepting Darwinian biology.2 He appe atomic number 18d to give an acceptable resolution to the conflict amid theology and science, as well. The result of Hegels influence has been that a great majority of coeval philosophers are really little more than historiographers of philosophy, Librarians of the Truth, so to speak.One begins to get the impression that there is postcode more to be said. And certain(a)ly if superstar realizes the implications of Wittgensteins thinking, and the thinking influenced by him and after(prenominal) him, C ontinental philosophy look at non seriously be considered here.3 Is there a fence for the unreality of philosophy in our metre? Perhaps this displace be answered by looking into the difference among our time and the centuries former us. In the past mans conclusions around the ground were based on the info he had most it if not specifically like the empiricists, then generally like the rationalists.Often in fact, the closeness between science and philosophy was so great that scientists and philosophers were adept(a) and the same person. In fact, from the times of Thales, Epicurus, Heraclitus, and Aristotle to Desc fines deliberates and Leibnitz, the great label in philosophy were often great names in science as well.4 That the conception as perceived by twentieth-century science is a vastly different one than the one of its preceding century, need not be proved here.Is it possible, then, that in effect man has learned so much, and his comprehension is such(prenomin al), that he cannot believe the reasoning of traditional philosophy? That perhaps he k flats too much almost the world to prove those kinds of conclusions? As Sir James Jeans has stated . . . When philosophy has availed itself of the results of science, it has not been by borrowing the rob mathematical verbal description of the class of planets, only when by borrowing the then current pictorial description of this pattern thus it has not appropriated certain knowledge but conjectures. These conjectures were often good enough for the manly world, but not, as we now know, for those ultimate processes of temperament which control the befallings of the man-sized world, and bring us closest to the true constitution of reality.5He continuesOne consequence of this is that the standard philosophical discussions of m any(prenominal) problems, such as those of causality and free pull up stakes orof materialism or mentalism, are based on an interpretation of the pattern of rasets which is no longer tenable. The scientific basis of these older discussions has been washed away, and with their disappearance oblige gone all the arguments . . .6The twentieth century brought in a time that could be called the end of philosophy and the beginning of stratagem. I do not destine that, of course, strictly speaking, but rather as the tendency of the situation. Certainly linguistic philosophy can be considered the heir to empiricism, but its a philosophy in one gear.7 And there is certainly an machination condition to graphics preceding Duchamp, but its early(a) functions or reasons-to-be are so pronounced that its ability to function clearly as machination limits its stratagem condition so drastically that its unless nominally art.8 In no mechanistic scent out is there a connection between philosophys ending and arts beginning, but I dont find this occurrence entirely coincidental. Though the same reasons may be responsible for both occurrences, the connection is made by me.I bring this all up to analyze arts function and subsequently its viability. And I do so to enable others to understand the reasoning of my and, by extension, other artists art, as well to provide a clearer taste of the term Conceptual art.9 THE FUNCTION OF nontextual division The main qualifications to the lesser position of moving-picture show is that advances in art are certainly not incessantly formal ones. gullald Judd (1963). Half or more of the best juvenile pee in the last fewer years has been neither painting nor sculpture. Donald Judd (1965). E precisething sculpture has, my land doesnt. Donald Judd (1967). The cerebration becomes a machine that makes the art. Sol LeWitt (1965) The one thing to say about art is that it is one thing. Art is art-as-art and e genuinelything else is everything else. Art as art is nothing but art.Art is not what is not art. Ad Reinhardt (1963). The meaning is the use. Wittgenstein. A more utilitarian get d posse ss to the study of concepts has tended to replace the method of introspection. Instead of endeavoring to grasp or describe concepts bare, so to speak, the psychologist investigates the way in which they function as ingredients in beliefs and in judgments. Irving M. Copi. Meaning is always a presupposition of function. T. Segerstedt. . . . the subject matter of abstract investigations is the meaning of certain words and expressions and not the things and states of affairs themselves about which we talk, when using those words and expressions. G. H. Von Wright.Thinking is radically metaphoric. Linkage by analogy is its constituent law or principle, its causal nexus, since meaning only arises by the causal mounts by which a sign stands for (takes the place of) an instance of a sort. To think of anything is to take it as of a sort (as a such and such) and that as brings in (openly or in disguise) the analogy, the parallel, the metaphoric catch it off or ground or grasp or draw by which alone the mind takes hold. It takes no hold if there is nothing for it to haul from, for its thinking is the haul, the attraction of likes I. A. Richards.In this section I ordain discuss the separation between esthetics and art consider briefly formalist art (because it is a confidential information proponent of the idea of aesthetics as art), and assert that art is analogous to an analytic proposition, and that it is arts existence as a tautology that enables art to remain aloof from philosophical presumptions. It is indispensable to scatter aesthetics from art because aesthetics deals with opinions on perception of the world in general. In the past one of the two prongs of arts function was its value as decoration. So any branch of philosophy that dealt with beauty and thus, taste, was inevitably duty bound to discuss art as well. Out of this habit grew the fancy that there was a conceptual connection between art and aesthetics, which is not true.This idea neer drasti cally conflicted with artistic considerations beforehand recent times, not only because the morphological characteristics of art perpetuated the continuity of this error, but as well, because the apparent other functions of art (depiction of religious themes, portraiture of aristocrats, detailing of architecture, etc.) utilise art to cover up art. When aspirations are presented within the context of art (and until recently fair games always have been used) they are as eligible for aesthetic consideration as are any objects in the world, and an aesthetic consideration of an object real in the res publica of art means that the objects existence or functioning in an art context is irrelevant to the aesthetic judgment. The relation of aesthetics to art is not unlike that of aesthetics to architecture, in that architecture has a very specific function and how good its design is is primarily associate to how well it performs its function.Thus, judgments on what it looks like cor respond to taste, and we can assure that throughout history different examples of architecture are p increase at different times depending on the aesthetics of occurrence epochs. Aesthetic thinking has flush gone so far as to make examples of architecture not think to art at all, works of art in themselves (e.g., the pyramids of Egypt). Aesthetic considerations are indeed always extraneous to an objects function or reason-tobe. Unless of course, that objects reason-to-be is strictly aesthetic.An example of a rigorously aesthetic object is a decorative object, for decorations primary function is to add something to, so as to make more attractive adorn ornament,10 and this relates right off to taste. And this leads us at once to formalist art and dilettanteism.11 Formalist art (painting and sculpture) is the avant-garde of decoration, and, strictly speaking, one could reasonably assert that its art condition is so minimal that for all functional purposes it is not art at all, but pure exercises in aesthetics. Above all things Clement Greenberg is the critic of taste. Behind every one of his decisions is an aesthetic judgment, with those judgments reflecting his taste. And what does his taste reflect? The period he grew up in as a critic, the period real for him the fifties.12How else can one account for, given his theories if they have any logic to them at all his disinterest in Frank Stella, Ad Reinhardt, and others applicable to his historical lineation? Is it because he is . . . basically unsympathetic on personally experiential grounds?13 Or, in other words, their work doesnt suit his taste? notwithstanding in the philosophic tabula rasa of art, if someone calls it art, as Don Judd has said, its art. Given this, formalist painting and sculpture can be granted an art condition, but only by virtue of their presentation in scathe of their art idea (e.g., a rectangular-shaped canvas stretched over wooden supports and stained with such and such colo rs, using such and such forms, giving such and such a optical experience, etc.). If one looks at contemporary art in this light one realizes the minimal creative effort taken on the part of formalist artists specifically, and all painters and sculptors (working as such today) generally.This brings us to the acknowledgement that formalist art and criticism accepts as a definition of art one that exists solely on morphological grounds. While a vast quantity of similar looking objects or images (or ocularly cerebrate objects or images) may seem to be related (or connected) because of a similarity of ocular/experiential readings, one cannot accept from this an artistic or conceptual relationship. It is obvious then that formalist criticisms reliance on geomorphology leads necessarily with a bias toward the morphology of traditional art. And in this sense their criticism is not related to a scientific method or any sort of empiricism (as Michael Fried, with his detailed description s of paintings and other studious paraphernalia would want us to believe).Formalist criticism is no more than an analysis of the physical attributes of particular objects that happen to exist in a morphological context. just now this doesnt add any knowledge (or facts) to our understanding of the record or function of art. And neither does it comment on whether or not the objects analyzed are even works of art, in that formalist critics always bypass the conceptual element in works of art. on the dot why they dont comment on the conceptual element in works of art is precisely because formalist art is only art by virtue of its resemblance to earlier works of art. Its a mindless art. Or, as Lucy Lippard so succinctly described Jules Olitskis paintings theyre visual Muzak.14 Formalist critics and artists alike do not question the nature of art, but as I have said elsewhere Being an artist now means to question the nature of art. If one is quizzical the nature of painting, one cann ot be questioning the nature of art. If an artist accepts painting (or sculpture) he is accepting the tradition that goes with it. Thats because the word art is general and the word painting is specific. Painting is a kind of art. If you make paintings you are already accepting (not questioning) the nature of art. One is then accepting the nature of art to be the European tradition of a painting-sculpture dichotomy.15The strongest objection one can raise against a morphological justification for traditional art is that morphological notions of art embody an implied a priori concept of arts possibilities. And such an a priori concept of the nature of art (as separate from analytically framed art propositions or work, which I will discuss later) makes it, indeed, a priori impossible to question the nature of art. And this questioning of the nature of art is a very weighty concept in understanding the function of art.The function of art, as a question, was first raised by Marcel Ducha mp. In fact it is Marcel Duchamp whom we can credit with giving art its own identity. (One can certainly see a tendency toward this self-identification of art beginning with Manet and Czanne through to Cubism,16 but their works are timid and ambiguous by comparison with Duchamps.) Modern art and the work before seemed connected by virtue of their morphology. Another way of putting it would be that arts address remained the same, but it was verbal expression new things. The event that made conceivable the realization that it was possible to speak some other phrase and still make sense in art was Marcel Duchamps first unbacked Ready-made. With the unassisted Ready-made, art changed its focus from the form of the wrangle to what was being said. Which means that it changed the nature of art from a question of morphology to a question of function.This change one from appearance to conception was the beginning of novel art and the beginning of conceptual art. All art (after Ducha mp) is conceptual (in nature) because art only exists conceptually. The value of particular artists after Duchamp can be weighed according to how much they questioned the nature of art which is another way of verbalise what they added to the conception of art or what wasnt there before they started. Artists question the nature of art by presenting new propositions as to arts nature. And to do this one cannot concern oneself with the handed-down voice communication of traditional art, as this activity is based on the assumption that there is only one way of flesh art propositions. But the very stuff of art is indeed greatly related to creating new propositions.The contingency is often made particularly in reference to Duchamp that objects of art (such as the Ready-mades, of course, but all art is implied in this) are judged as objets dart in later years and the artists intentions become irrelevant. such an argument is the case of a preconceived notion ordering together not nec essarily related facts. The point is this aesthetics, as we have pointed out, are conceptually irrelevant to art. Thus, any physical thing can become objet dart, that is to say, can be considered tasteful, aesthetically pleasing, etc. But this has no bearing on the objects application to an art context that is, its functioning in an art context. (E.g., if a collector takes a painting, attaches legs, and uses it as a dining table its an act unrelated to art or the artist because, as art, that wasnt the artists intention.) And what holds true for Duchamps work applies as well to most of the art after him. In other words, the value of Cubism for instance is its idea in the realm of art, not the physical or visual qualities seen in a specific painting, or the particularization of certain colors or shapes.For these colors and shapes are the arts language, not its meaning conceptually as art. To look upon a Cubist masterwork now as art is nonsensical, conceptually speaking, as far as ar t is concerned. (That visual information that was laughable in Cubisms language has now been generally indifferent and has a lot to do with the way in which one deals with painting linguistically. E.g., what a Cubist painting meant experimentally and conceptually to, say, Gertrude Stein, is beyond our speculation because the same painting then meant something different than it does now.) The value now of an original Cubist painting is not unlike, in most respects, an original manuscript by original Byron, or The Spirit of St. Louis as it is seen in the Smithsonian basis. (Indeed, museums fill the very same function as the Smithsonian Institution why else would the Jeu de Paume wing of the Louvre exhibitCzannes and Van Goghs palettes as proudly as they do their paintings?) Actual works of art are little more than historical curiosities. As far as art is concerned Van Goghs paintings arent value any more than his palette is. They are both collectors items.17 Art lives through in fluencing other art, not by vivacious as the physical residue of an artists ideas. The reason that different artists from the past are brought alive again is because some aspect of their work becomes usable by living artists. That there is no truth as to what art is seems quite unrealized. What is the function of art, or the nature of art? If we continue our analogy of the forms art takes as being arts language one can realize then that a work of art is a kind of proposition presented within the context of art as a comment on art. We can then go besides and analyze the types of propositions.A. J. Ayers evaluation of Kants distinction between analytic and synthetic is useful to us here A proposition is analytic when its validity depends solely on the definitions of the symbols it contains, and synthetic when its validity is placed by the facts of experience.18 The analogy I will test to make is one between the art condition and the condition of the analytic proposition. In that t hey dont appear to be believable as anything else, or be about anything (other than art) the forms of art most clearly finally referable only to art have been forms closest to analytical propositions. Works of art are analytic propositions. That is, if viewed within their context as art they provide no information whatsoever about any matter of fact. A work of art is a tautology in that it is a presentation of the artists intention, that is, he is saying that that particular work of art is art, which means, is a definition of art.Thus, that it is art is true a priori (which is what Judd means when he states that if someone calls it art, its art). Indeed, it is nearly impossible to discuss art in general terms without talking in tautologies for to attempt to grasp art by any other handle is only when to focus on another aspect or property of the proposition, which is usually irrelevant to the artworks art condition. One begins to realize that arts art condition is a conceptual s tate. That the language forms that the artist frames his propositions in are often private codes or languages is an inevitable outcome of arts freedom from morphological constrictions and it follows from this that one has to be familiar with contemporary art to appreciate it and understand it. too one understands why the man in the street is intolerant to artistic art and always demands art in a traditional language. (And one understands why formalist art sells like hot cakes.)Only in painting and sculpture did the artists all speak the same language. What is called Novelty Art by the formalists is often the attempt to find new languages, although a new language doesnt necessarily mean the framing of new propositions e.g., most kinetic and electronic art. Another way of stating, in relation to art, what Ayer asserted about the analytic method in the context of language would be the pursual The validity of artistic propositions is not underage on any confirmable, much less any ae sthetic, presupposition about the nature of things. For the artist, as an analyst, is not directly concerned with the physical properties of things. He is concerned only with the way (1) in which art is capable of conceptual growth and (2) how his propositions are capable of logically following that growth.19 In other words, the propositions of art are not f existent, but linguistic in character that is, they do not describe the behavior of physical, or even mental objects they express definitions of art, or the formal consequences of definitions of art.Accordingly, we can say that art operates on a logic. For we shall see that the characteristic mark of a purely logical inquiry is that it is concerned with the formal consequences of our definitions (of art) and not with questions of falsifiable fact.20 To repeat, what art has in common with logic and mathematics is that it is a tautology i.e., the art idea (or work) and art are the same and can be appreciated as art without going removed the context of art for verification.On the other hand, let us consider why art cannot be (or has difficulty when it attempts to be) a synthetic proposition. Or, that is to say, when the truth or falsity of its assertion is verifiable on empirical grounds. Ayer states . . . The criterion by which we determine the validity of an a priori or analytical proposition is not able to determine the validity of an empirical or synthetic proposition. For it is characteristic of empirical propositions that their validity is not purely formal. To say that a geometrical proposition, or a system of geometrical propositions, is false, is to say that it is self-contradictory. But an empirical proposition, or a system of empirical propositions, may be free from contradiction and still be false. It is said to be false, not because it is formally defective, but because it fails to satisfy some material criterion.21The unreality of pragmatic art is due to its framing as an art proposition in synthetic terms one is always tempted to verify the proposition empirically. Realisms synthetic state does not bring one to a circular swing back into a dialogue with the larger framework of questions about the nature of art (as does the work of Malevich, Mondrian, Pollock, Reinhardt, early Rauschenberg, Johns, Lichtenstein, Warhol, Andre, Judd, Flavin, LeWitt, Morris, and others), but rather, one is flung out of arts orbit into the absolute space of the human condition. Pure Expressionism, continuing with Ayers terms, could be considered as such A denounce which consisted of demonstrative symbols would not express a genuine proposition. It would be a mere ejaculation, in no way characterizing that to which it was supposed to refer.Expressionist works are usually such ejaculations presented in the morphological language of traditional art. If Pollock is important it is because he painted on loose canvas horizontally to the floor. What isnt important is that he later put those dri ppings over stretchers and hung them parallel to the wall. (In other words what is important in art is what one brings to it, not ones adoption of what was previously existing.) What is even less important to art is Pollocks notions of self-expression because those kinds of subjective meanings are useless to anyone other than those involved with him personally. And their specific quality puts them right(prenominal) of arts context. I do not make art, Richard Serra says, I am employed in an activity if someone wants to call it art, thats his business, but its not up to me to resolve that. Thats all figured out later. Serra, then, is very much aware of the implications of his work.If Serra is indeed just reckon out what lead does (gravitationally, molecularly, etc.), why should anyone think of it as art? If he doesnt take the obligation of it being art, who can, or should? His work certainly appears to be empirically verifiable lead can do, and be used for, many physical activiti es. In itself this does anything but lead us into a dialogue about the nature of art. In a sense then he is a primitive. He has no idea about art. How is it then that we know about his activity?Because he has told us it is art by his actions after his activity has taken place. That is, by the fact that he is with several galleries, puts the physical residue of his activity in museums (and sells them to art collectors but as we have pointed out, collectors are irrelevant to the condition of art of a work). That he denies his work is art but plays the artist is more than just a paradox. Serra secretly feels that arthood is arrived at empirically. Thus, as Ayer has stated There are no absolutely certain empirical propositions. It is only tautologies that are certain. a posteriori questions are one and all hypotheses, which may be confirmed or discredited in actual sense experience. And the propositions in which we record the observations that verify these hypotheses are themselves hy potheses which are subject to the test of further sense experience. Thus there is no final proposition.22What one finds all throughout the writings of Ad Reinhardt is this very similar thesis of artas-art, and that art is always dead, and a living art is a deception.23 Reinhardt had a very clear idea about the nature of art, and his importance is far from recognized. Because forms of art that can be considered synthetic propositions are verifiable by the world, that is to say, to understand these propositions one must leave the tautological-like framework of art and consider outside information. But to consider it as art it is necessary to ignore this same outside information, because outside information (experiential qualities, to note) has its own intrinsic worth. And to comprehend this worth one does not need a state of art condition.From this it is easy to realize that arts viability is not connected to the presentation of visual (or other) kinds of experience. That that may hav e been one of arts extraneous functions in the preceding centuries is not unlikely. after all, man in even the nineteenth century lived in a fairly standardized visual environment. That is, it was ordinarily predictable as to what he would be coming into contact with day after day. His visual environment in the part of the world in which he lived was fairly consistent. In our time we have an experientially drastically richer environment. One can fly all over the earth in a matter of hours and days, not months. We have the cinema, and color television, as well as the man-made spectacle of the lights of Las Vegas or the skyscrapers of New York City.The all told world is there to be seen, and the whole world can watch man walk on the moon from their living rooms. Certainly art or objects of painting and sculpture cannot be expected to contest experientially with this? The notion of use is relevant to art and its language. Recently the package or block form has been used a great dea l within the context of art. (Take for instance its use by Judd, Morris, LeWitt, Bladen, Smith, Bell, and McCracken not even mentioning the quantity of boxes and cubes that came after.) The difference between all the mixed uses of the box or cube form is directly related to the differences in the intentions of the artists. Further, as is particularly seen in Judds work, the use of the box or cube form illustrates very well our earlier claim that an object is only art when placed in the context of art.A few examples will point this out. One could say that if one of Judds box forms was seen filled with debris, seen placed in an industrial setting, or even merely seen sitting on a street corner, it would not be identified with art. It follows then that understanding and consideration of it as an artwork is necessary a priori to viewing it in order to see it as a work of art. Advance information about the concept of art and about an artists concepts is necessary to the appreciation and understanding of contemporary art. Any and all of the physical attributes (qualities) of contemporary works, if considered separately and/or specifically, are irrelevant to the art concept. The art concept (as Judd said, though he didnt mean it this way) must be considered in its whole. To consider a concepts parts is invariably to consider aspects that are irrelevant to its art condition or like reading parts of a definition.It comes as no surprise that the art with the least indomitable morphology is the example from which we decipher the nature of the general term art. For where there is a context existing separately of its morphology and consisting of its function one is more likely to find results less conforming and predictable. It is in modern arts possession of a language with the shortest history that the plausibility of the abandonment of that language becomes most possible. It is understandable then that the art that came out of Western painting and sculpture is the mo st energetic, questioning (of its nature), and the least assuming of all the general art concerns. In the final analysis, however, all of the arts have but (in Wittgensteins terms) a family resemblance. Yet the various qualities relatable to an art condition possessed by poem, the novel, the cinema, the theatre, and various forms of music, etc., is that aspect of them most reliable to the function of art as asserted here.Is not the decline of poetry relatable to the implied metaphysics from poetrys use of common language as an art language?24 In New York the last decadent stages of poetry can be seen in the move by cover poets recently toward the use of actual objects and theatre.25 Can it be that they feel the unreality of their art form? We see now that the axioms of a geometry are simply definitions, and that the theorems of a geometry are simply the logical consequences of these definitions. A geometry is not in itself about physical space in itself it cannot be said to be abo ut anything. But we can use a geometry to reason about physical space.That is to say, once we have given the axioms a physical interpretation, we can proceed to apply the theorems to the objects which satisfy the axioms. Whether a geometry can be applied to the actual physical world or not, is an empirical question which falls outside the scope of geometry itself. There is no sense, therefore, in asking which of the various geometries known to us are false and which are true. Insofar as they are all free from contradiction, they are all true. The proposition which states that a certain application of a geometry is possible is not itself a proposition of that geometry. All that the geometry itself tells us is that if anything can be brought under the definitions, it will also satisfy the theorems. It is therefore a purely logical system, and its propositions are purely analytic propositions. A. J. Ayer26hither then I propose rests the viability of art. In an age when traditional phil osophy is unreal because of its assumptions, arts ability to exist will depend not only on its not performing a service as entertainment, visual (or other) experience, or decoration which is something easily replaced by kitsch culture, and technology, but, rather, it will remain possible by not assuming a philosophical stance for in arts unique character is the capacity to remain alooffrom philosophical judgments. It is in this context that art shares similarities with logic, mathematics, and, as well, science. But whereas the other endeavors are useful, art is not. Art indeed exists for its own sake. In this period of man, after philosophy and religion, art may possibly be one endeavor that fulfills what another age might have called mans spiritual needs. Or, another way of putting it might be that art deals analogously with the state of things beyond physics where philosophy had to make assertions. And arts strength is that even the preceding sentence is an assertion, and canno t be verified by art. Arts only claim is for art. Art is the definition of art.NOTES * Reprinted from Studio International (October, 1969). 1 Morton White, The Age of Analysis (New York Mentor Books), p. 14. 2 Ibid., p. 15. 3 I mean by this Existentialism and Phenomenology. Even Merleau-Ponty, with his middle-of-the-road position between empiricism and rationalism, cannot express his philosophy without the use of words (thus using concepts) and following this, how can one discuss experience without sharp distinctions between ourselves and the world? 4 Sir James Jeans, Physics and Philosophy (Ann Arbor, Mich. University of Michigan Press), p. 17. 5 Ibid., p. 190. 6 Ibid., p. 190. 7 The task such philosophy has taken upon itself is the only function it could perform without making philosophic assertions. 8 This is dealt with in the following section. 9 I would like to make it clear, however, that I intend to speak for no one else. I arrived at these conclusions alone, and indeed, it i s from this thinking that my art since 1966 (if not before) evolved.Only recently did I realize after run across Terry Atkinson that he and Michael Baldwin share similar, though certainly not identical, opinions to mine. 10 Websters New conception Dictionary of the American Language. 11 The conceptual level of the work of Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Morris Louis, Ron Davis, Anthony Caro, John Hoyland, Dan Christensen, et al., is so dismally low, that any that is there is supplied by the critics promoting it. This is seen later. 12 Michael Frieds reasons for using Greenbergs rationale reflect his stage setting (and most of the other formalist critics) as a scholar, but more of it is due to his desire, I suspect, to bring his critical studies into the modern world. One can easily sympathize with his desire to connect, say, Tiepolo with Jules Olitski. One should never forget, however, that a historian loves history more than anything, even art.13 Lucy Lippard uses this quotation in a footnote to Ad Reinhardts retroactive catalogue, January, 1967, p. 28. 14 Lucy Lippard, Constellation by Harsh Daylight The Whitney Annual, Hudson Review, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring, 1968). 15 Arthur R. Rose, quaternity Interviews, Arts Magazine (February, 1969). 16 As Terry Atkinson pointed out in his introduction to Art-Language (Vol. 1, No. 1), the Cubists never questioned if art had morphological characteristics, but which ones in painting were acceptable. 17 When someone buys a Flavin he isnt buying a light show, for if he was he could just go to a hardware computer storage and get the goods for considerably less. He isnt buying anything. He is subsidizing Flavins activity as an artist. 18 A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth, and Logic (New York Dover Publications), p. 78. 19 Ibid., p. 57.20 Ibid., p. 57. 21 Ibid., p.90. 22 Ibid., p. 94. 23 Ad Reinhardts retrospective catalogue (Jewish Museum, January, 1967) written by Lucy Lippard, p. 12. 24 It is poetrys use of common language t o attempt to say the unsayable that is problematic, not any inherent problem in the use of language within the context of art. 25 Ironically, many of them call themselves Conceptual Poets. Much of this work is very similar to Walter de Marias work and this is not coincidental de Marias work functions as a kind of object poetry, and his intentions are very poetic he really wants his work to change mens lives. 26 Op. cit., p. 82.