Change Management and Leadership Research Paper

Change Management and Leadership - Research Paper Example Secondly, the leadership should have the power to motivate and empower the followers so that they become ready to adapt to changes without resistance. Also, they should be encouraged to accept the shared vision and get ready to accept challenging goals. Another important point is that the leadership should be able to enforce enough discipline to execute the plans and policies. Most of the time, organizations come up with impressive strategic plans but they lack the change management skills to properly operate the strategies to reach the expected goals. As Kaminski insists, whenever there is a plan, there should be properly developed performance measures and targets. Thirdly, the leadership should be fully prepared to change at any time as an organization might need to change as a result of environmental changes. So, only a fully prepared leadership can ensure that the organization has an environment that proactively observes and responds to changes in both external and internal facto rs. Finally, the leadership should understand change as a long and continuous process which has to be implemented over a long period of time. Leadership as the Visionary The first role of leadership is that of a visionary. ... Leadership as the Inspirer Leadership should have the ability to inspire and motivate the people under it. It is often achieved by identifying specific benefits to the people and minimizing potential losses. Also, there is participative decision making and open communication which will make the followers feel that there is a compelling reason for change. Leadership as Supporter In fact, leadership acts as supporter through providing enough resources, enough time, recognition and rewards. Also, from time to time, leadership will publicise vivid stories about the success of the change. Moreover, the leadership will provide such a picture that the success of all people is dependent on the success of the change. Leadership as Supporter Leadership also acts as supporter during changes. It actively listens to the problems and criticisms of people. Also, it offers as much empathy and care as possible to the people affected by the change. Leadership and Change Strategies There was a seminar named ‘Transforming Organisations’ organised by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions in Madrid on 23 and 24 September 2003. In the seminar, all the participants agreed to the fact that change management is the most important role of leadership. In fact, most of the changes introduced in organizations are aimed at improving either performance or productivity. The various strategies the companies adopt to ensure transformation range from growth, innovation and skills development, downsizing, layoff, replacements, altering assets and resources, and so on and on (cited in Dhondt, Kraan and Sloten). June Kaminski

Crystals Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Crystals Research Paper Essay Crystals form in the depths of the Earth to the extension of the clouds in sky. Some think that crystals elude the sight of people’s eyes everyday in life, but they are everywhere including ingredients for food, construction materials, and even in ice-cold weather. The crystals in this experiment are ammonia-generated crystals that can be created right in a home. The experiment will be testing the different effects and products on crystals in different temperatures and forms of light. Different measurements will be recorded throughout the experiment such as mass and length. But first the crystals must grow. The scientific study of crystals and crystal formation is called crystallography. All over the world, though the different ages of man, crystals have been found to take their place throughout different cultures, countries, and religions. Not only were crystals used for a part in the currency of some ancient economies, but also they date back as far as 1500 BC as a source of healing and medicinal uses. â€Å"The ancient Egyptians strongly believed in the healing and protective power of crystals. Many pharaohs wore crystals on their headdresses and many crystal amulets have been found in their tombs.† Pharaohs of ancient Egypt often believed that the use of crystals in the masks and jewelry gave them the effect of bettering their rule. Amazonite and Lapis were reoccurring crystals found in the tombs found in Egypt, particularly King Tut where Lapis was actually apiece in the famous mask he wore. Cleopatra’s favorite jewelry was supposed to be a ring made of the crystal am ethyst. The ancient Chinese are also found to be users of the healing purposes of crystals. In two hundred different occasions, crystals are referred to in the bible. New Jerusalem, God’s heavenly city, was said to be built on top of crystals. â€Å"And the building of the wall of it was of jasper: and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass. And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald; The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. Tibetan monks also viewed quartz crystal spheres as holy objects and worshiped them. The monks often referred to quartz as the â€Å"crystal of enlightenment†. Alexander The Great included a large emerald crystal encrusted in his battle helmet to insure a victory in the battle. The Shah Jahan, monks who built the Taj Mahal, wore talismans similar to Alexander The Great. Overall, There is a reoccurrence of crystals used for different purposes such as healing, sacred items, and fine jewelry. There are many different structures of crystals based on the formation of them. The different forms are Cubic, Isometric, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, Trigonal, Triclinic, and Monoclinic. Cubic and Isometric are similar but don’t always have to be cubes. They can be found in forms of octahedrons and dodecahedrons as well as cubes. Tetragonal form double prisms and double pyramids due to one axis being longer than the other. Orthorhombic form dipyramids and rhombic prisms. Hexagonal are six-sided prisms and when viewed from a certain angle, the cross section is a hexagon. Trigonal, instead of having a 6-fold axis like the hexagonal, it has a 3-fold, thus making it trigonal. Triclinic has no set shape so these kinds of crystals can come in any shape and strange ones as well. Monoclinic are very similar to tetragonal crystals except they are skewed a bit so they don’t form good angles. These formations of the atoms and molecules in a crystal are all part of what is called the crystal lattice. The crystal lattice is the repetition of a pattern in three dimensions. The atoms and molecules of crystals form in such a way that in all three dimensions, they are repeating a certain pattern. The shapes of the microscopic atoms can determine the shape of the macroscopic crystal. So, Cubic, Isometric, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, Trigonal, Triclinic, and Monoclinic atom formations repeat in different crystals to make them the shape they are. Crystals can also be grouped by their properties. The property arrangements include covalent, metallic, ionic, and molecular crystals. Covalent crystals have many true covalent bonds connecting all the atoms in the crystal. Covalent crystals tend to have very high melting points. Some covalent crystals include zinc sulfide and diamonds. Metallic crystal’s atoms sit on a lattice, therefore the outer electrons of the atoms in the crystal are free to move around and float whichever way they want. Metallic crystals have a high melting point like covalent crystals but just not as high. Ionic crystals are bonded together by ionic bonds just as covalent crystals are held together by covalent bonds. Ionic crystals have high melting points like the other crystals and are usually very hard. An example of an ionic crystal is salt (NaCl). Molecular crystals are very recognizable in terms of their molecular structure. They are bonding by hydrogen bonds or non-covalent bonding. Molecular crystals are usually soft and have lower melting points compared to the other crystals. Relating the properties of crystals to the atom structure (crystal lattice) will allow one to realize how the structure correlates to the property. They’re ere 2 different types of structure in the crystal lattice, crystalline and non-crystalline. Crystalline structures are the atom structures that contain the repeating patterns. While non-crystalline structures contain miniscule faults in the patterns and are not perfect. Ionic crystals contain a crystalline structure and therefore are very hard and dense. The more crystalline the structure, the more compact the atoms are arranged. And the more the compact the atoms are, the more dense and hard the crystal becomes. Molecular crystals tend to have a weak, non-crystalline structure of the atoms. This results in the Molecular crystals being weak with low boiling points. The atoms in Molecular crystal tend to be spread out over farther distances in contrast to ionic crystal’s structure. Different wavelengths and colors of light can affect the color of the crystal itself and the wavelength output of the crystal. Different crystals are different colors due to the different chemicals in each one and how each one absorbs light. Many crystals reflect a certain color of light depending on the chemicals. So, crystals absorb one color of light or wavelength of light, and reflect a different color of light. So the idea of complimentary colors comes into play. Complimentary colors are the colors that the crystals absorb to then reflect a different color of light. There are many examples such as if a crystal is yellow, it is reflecting yellow light but the light it absorbs is blue. Also, if a crystal is red, it is reflecting red light but it is absorbing green light. Normally, crystals will grow much faster in the light, but these crystals will be much weaker than crystals grown in the dark. This is due to the time it takes for each to grow. In dark rooms crystals grow at a much slower rate but are significantly stronger than crystals grown in light. Crystals are found all over and all inside the Earth. In some rock cavities, whether it is close to the surface or deep and closer to the core of the Earth, mineral-rich solutions contain the essential elements to grow crystals. Thus, in these rock cavities, many different crystals can be found, and some are very old. Crystals can also be found around volcanoes and past eruption areas because after a volcano erupts, the cooled magma forms crystals. In many caves, rock walls contain similar solutions as rock cavities and form similar crystals. Crystals can also be found where there are mineral-rich vapors present, such as deep caves and rock formations. Many different crystals can form in various environments. Such as the location of turbulent water such as pipes and quick paced streams. Also, crystals can be found in the presence of evaporating salt water, where salt crystals will form. Crystals are also formed in the process of condensation, or in clouds for that matter. Every time it snows, the water has frozen into microscopic ice crystals that are the snowflakes. Also, Crystals can form under water and many on the Earth have not been seen because of this. Crystals grow and form in different and various ways. Crystals begin growing in a process called nucleation, which contains 2 different types, unassisted and assisted. Unassisted nucleation occurs when a â€Å"proto-crystal† forms in the solution that has been added to a solute. The solute is the solid and the solution is the liquid surrounding the solute. When molecules in the solution begin to attract to one another they combine and sometimes are separated by intermolecular forces but sometimes they stay together. When these molecules stay together they begin to attract different molecules of the solution to join and this is the â€Å"proto-crystal†. The â€Å"proto-crystal† then attaches itself to a couple other molecules or other â€Å"proto-crystals† in the solution and the actual crystal begins to form. In assisted nucleation, the solution is provided with a solute that the molecules of the solution can attach or adsorb to. When this occurs it attracts molecules just as in unassisted nucleation and the crystals begin to form. Because of the ability for crystals to grow from the build up of the solute molecules in the solution, crystals are able to grow at their highest when the solution being used is saturated with the solute being use. The more material to build up, the more the crystals are going to be able to grow and grow to full extent. Crystal formation is very slow, so it must be given a long geological process to form. Depending on the kind of crystal, the times of formation vary, so some form faster than others. This is where super saturation comes into play. Super saturation is the presence of more dissolved material in the solvent that could be dissolved in normal conditions. When a solution is supersaturated, it contains many particles and molecules of material to begin the nucleation process. When the supersaturated solution is under the correct conditions, crystallization begins to occur more rapidly. But this is not the case for all liquids or solutions. Some solutions may be saturated at one temperature but supersaturated at another so temperature is able to affect this as well. Temperature plays a huge part in the growth and the rate in which crystals grow. The growth rate of crystals changes depending on the temperature they are in. But some crystals grow faster in warm temperatures than in cold temperatures. This is because of the process of evaporation. When a saturated solution is in a warm environment it begins to evaporate. When the liquid begins to evaporate, overtime the material that was once dissolved in the solution will begin to bunch up and crystallize the more the liquid evaporates. But this process is a lot quicker than in cold environments so this leads to less stability and weaker crystal strength. In colder environments, the opposite process is used to begin the crystallization process. The process of precipitation is used. This process takes a much longer time than the evaporation process. Since this process takes a much longer time, it has the ability to create well formed and high quality crystals that are much stronger than crystals formed in hotter temperatures. Mainly crystals grown in the dark take much longer to grow. Because of the absence of light, there is not as much heat than crystals in light. Crystals in light receive much more heat. But this is not the case for all types of crystals; in some cases the rules for temperature are switched. For example Borax, these are crystals that usually generate faster in colder temperatures. If the Borax solution is saturated at room temperature or at any temperature higher than room temperature, the crystals grow faster in colder temperatures. This is due to the molecular structure of the Borax solution and the movement of the molecules causes the saturated solution at room temperature to become a supersaturated solution at colder temperatures. And the super saturation leads to faster crystal growth. So growth rates vary depending on temperature, kind of crystal, and kind of solution being used in the experiment. Bibliography 1.Crystal. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Dec. 2012. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. 2.History of Crystals. History of Crystals. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. 3. A Brief History of Crystals and Healing. History of Crystals and Healing. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. 4.Basic History of Crystals. Holistic Apothecary. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. 5.Types Of Crystals. About.com Chemistry. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. 6.The Structure of Crystals. The Structure of Crystals. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. 7.ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. 8.Temperature and Crystal Growth. Temperature and Crystal Growth. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. 9.UCSB Science Line Sqtest. UCSB Science Line Sqtest. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.

Carl Sagans The Demon-Haunted World as Social Commentary Essay

Carl Sagan's The Demon-Haunted World as Social Commentary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carl Sagan sums up his view of the basic flaw of man in one phrase: "history reveals that we humans have a sad tendency to make the same mistakes again and again" (Sagan 424). Humans today have an understanding of the world around them that is vastly superior to that of their ancestors. In spite of this, a growing number of people perpetually fail to scrutinize to the degree necessary for the evolution of the self. According to Sagan, failure to think scientifically seems to be the reason why most people get caught up in investing all their faith in as-yet-unproved phenomena such as UFOs and even religion. By investigating globally relevant topics like these, Sagan attempts to ward off the demons of ignorance (Nickell 110). One of the strongest cases made by Sagan is the examination of professed UFO "abductees." According to the author, the biggest problem in cases of UFO abductions is the fact that proof is neither sought nor accepted by the subject. The faintest glimmer of the possibility of having been abducted almost always snowballs into the firmest belief that one indeed has been abducted. Even the strongest "evidence" often can be explained as something much more rational than it seems to the "abductee." For example, scarring attributed to alien experiments could quite possibly be due to any manner of unconscious self-mutilating acts. Sagan contends that even claims of seeing extraterrestrials can be attributed to the brain's possible retention, and subsequent projection, of dreams. People have occasionally recalled events of contact with alien life while under hypnosis. But Sagan contends that hypnosis is shoddy enough that it's recognized in courts... ...nd the Sun and takes a year to do it (324). These facts aren't mentioned in the hopes of instigating despair concerning the apparent lack of fundamental knowledge across America. Rather, Sagan's purpose is to emphasize the need for a scientifically literate public (324). In summary, Sagan relates that the mistake that man continuously makes is being led down stray courses. He believes that "[w]hat [many people] wish to be true, they believe is true" (325). A dangerous number of people fail to doubt and question both themselves and their surroundings. The acceptance of miscellaneous ideas without the demand of proof can only threaten to retard the progress of the human race. Work Cited Nickell, Joe. Looking for a Miracle. New York: Prometheus Books, 1998. Sagan, Carl. The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. New York: Random, 1996.

Administer Medication to Individuals Essay

This governs the manufacture and supply of medicines. This requires that the local pharmacist or dispensing doctor is responsible for supplying medication. He or she can only do this on the receipt of a prescription from an authorised person e.g. a doctor. According to the law (The Medicines Act 1968) medicines can be given by a third party, e.g. a suitably trained care worker, to the person that they were intended for when this is strictly in accordance with the directions that the prescriber has given. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and Amendments 1985, 2001 see more:handling medication This controls dangerous or otherwise harmful drugs designated as Controlled drugs. (CD) The main purpose of this act is to prevent the misuse of controlled drugs. Some CD’s are prescribed drugs used to treat severe pain. Some people abuse them by taking them when there is no clinical reason. The  purpose of the legislation impacts on care homes by requiring special arrangements for storage, administration, records and disposal. The misuse of drugs (Safe custody) Amendment Regulation 2007 This specifies how controlled drugs are stored and is referred to in the Standards for care homes. Controlled drugs must be kept in a Controlled drugs cabinet that complies with these regulations. The regulations specify the quality, construction, method of fixing and lock and key for the cupboard. The safer management of controlled drugs (2006) This specifies how controlled drugs are stored, administered and disposed of. Controlled drugs must be kept in a controlled drugs cabinet that complies with these regulations. Records must be made for all controlled drugs transactions. Care Home Regulations 2001 Regulation 13 states that a registered provider must make arrangements for the recording, handling, safekeeping, safe administration and disposal of medicines received into the care home. This applies to all medicines including controlled drugs. Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 To maintain safety for all in the workplace your employer must ensure that anyone administering medication has attended the appropriate training. The risks associated with the handling or administration of any medicine should be assessed for both staff and patients. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) The law requires employers to control exposure to hazardous substances for both employees and others who may be exposed and to ensure employees and properly informed, trained and supervised. Care Standards Act 2000 Regulates and inspects services used by people for care services, provides guidance and information. The Act, has a major impact on the quality of care provided to children and vulnerable adults, and could make the system of regulation and inspection of care in particular simpler, more transparent and navigable. All care including that provided by local authorities falls within the scope of the Act. Its key provisions are: * The creation of a National Care Standards Commission (NCSC) for England to undertake the  regulation of care. * The creation of a General Social Care Council (GSCC) for England and a Care Council for Wales to register social workers, regulate the training of the social care workforce and raise standards in social care through the production of codes of conduct and the maintained of a register of social care staff Access to Health Records Act 1990 The act defines who can see medical records. The individual can see his or her own records, but nobody else can except with the individuals permission. This includes next of kin and friends. Data Protection Act 1998 The Act applies to any organisation that keeps personal records on a computer to register as a data user and they must comply with specific regulations. They must be secure, allow the individual to have access to their records, record only relevant information, only be used for its stated purpose. Hazardous Waste Regulation 2005 Dispensed medication for individual service users either at home or in a care setting can be described as household waste or is covered by the Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005. These medications can be returned to the dispensing pharmacist for disposal. However, care situations that provide nursing care not covered by this legislation and must make their own arrangements for the disposal of unwanted medicine through a licensed waste management company. There should be a written policy in place which describes the local procedure for recording of unwanted medication to be returned to the pharmacist. All medication should be recorded and signed for by the receiving pharmacist and a copy kept by the organisation. National Minimum Standards * Standards 9.5 and 20.7 states that controlled drugs should be kept in a designated CD cupboard until staff are responsible for giving them to people. * Standards 9.7 and 20.9 Controlled drugs should be given by care workers who have been trained and designated to do so. Another trained and designated member of staff should witness this process. * Standards 9.8 and 20.11 care homes should keep additional records of receipt  administration and disposal of controlled drugs in a register. Working in line with your organisation’s policies and procedures enable you to work in line with best practice and the law (legislation). There must be a policy at your work place for the receipt, recording, storage, handling, administration and disposal of medicines. Check your policies and procedures file which should list the procedures relating to administration of medication with regards to your job role. 2.1 Common side effects from medicines All medicines can potentially cause side effects or adverse reactions and these can vary from person to person. Side effects may be minor or extreme enough to be life threatening. Common side effects include: rashes, stiffness, breathing difficulties, shaking, swelling, headaches, nausea, drowsiness, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, weight gain. Side effects can either present as one symptom or as a combination of symptoms. Staff must monitor all medication given and record and adverse reactions in the service users care/support plans. The service users GP must be contacted and the medication stopped until informed otherwise. All medication should come with a description leaflet, which lists possible side effects. These should be retained for future reference. If medication for service users come in MDS packs then the pharmacist should be contacted for information on all medication dispensed in this manner. Older people are particularly susceptible to reacting adversely to medication and are often already taking many different types of medication. Staff should be particularly vigilant with older people. Common adverse reaction symptoms in older people are: restlessness, falls, confusion, drowsiness, depression, constipation, incontinence, and Parkinson’s symptoms. Policies and procedures should be put in place locally, describing the steps to be followed in the event of an adverse reaction to a medicine, whether minor or life threatening. Read more:  Medication to Individuals Essay Common types of medication Types of medication Function Antibiotics To fight infection Analgesics To relieve  pain Anti-histamines To relieve allergy symptoms Antacids For digestion Anticoagulants To prevent blood clots Psychotropic medicines which interact with the nervous system Diuretics Used to get rid of excess fluid Laxatives To alleviate constipation Hormones E.g. steroids or insulin Cytotoxic medicines to treat some forms of cancer Medication Common side effects Hypnotics and sedatives –Temazepam and Nitrazepam Causes drowsiness in the morning Antibiotics such as Erythromycin and Amoxicillin Nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea and skin rashes. Analgesics Strong painkillers such as codeine and morphine Nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, confusion and constipation. Antidepressants such as Amitriptyline becoming sleepy and confused. 2.2 Some medication which demands the measurement of specific physiological measurements are as follow: Insulin (blood glucose testing) to ensure the blood glucose is not too high (which prevents healing and increases the risk of damage to the nerve endings among many other effects) or too low (could induce a loss of consciousness for example) and warfarin (a blood thinner) which requires the blood to be checked regularly to monitor how effective the drug is i.e. is it preventing the blood being too â€Å"thin† (which could cause an internal bleed) or under anti-coagulated leaving the patient at risk of blood clots. There is also Digoxin. The pulse should be recorded prior to administration of the drug. Also a test is used to monitor the concentration of the drug in the blood. The dose of digoxin prescribed may be adjusted depending on the level measured. A doctor may order one or more digoxin tests when a person begins treatment to determine if the initial dosage is within therapeutic range and then order it at regular intervals to ensure that the therapeutic level is maintained. Apart from the administration of insulin you may not be expected to have a full knowledge of the others above or to take out the clinical activities but there should be an awareness of the reasons for clinical monitoring and to ensure that these take place as directed by a clinician. 2.3 The individuals you work with may experience unwanted or adverse effects after the administration of medication and you need to recognise this and take action. Adverse effects could be: * Anaphylactic shock – occurs sometimes after the use of an antibiotic. * Swelling of body parts, skin changes, breathing difficulties etc. If you observe any adverse changes you need to follow the laid down procedures at your workplace which you need to write out to support your answer of the appropriate action to take. * Inform the manager and seek professional help immediately. * Observe the individual * Document all adverse reactions and action taken * Treat the symptoms following clinical advice. * Record the medicine and reaction in the care plan and MAR chart. * Inform the individual’s own doctor and the pharmacist as soon as possible. 2.4 Administration Route * Oral – by mouth, tablets and syrups * Aural – ear drops * Rectal – suppositories * Vaginal – tablets, creams * Sublingual – under tongue * Nasogastric – via a nasogastric tube * Buccal – between the lips and gums * Inhaled – into lungs via inhaler or nebuliser * Ocular/ophthalmic – eye drops * Nasal – sprays, drops * Topical – skin creams * Intra venous – directly or via a drip into a vein * Intramuscular – injection into muscle * Subcutaneous – injection into subcutaneous layer of skin * Transdermal – injection under top layer of skin, patches e.g. HRT * Peg – Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy – medicines are introduced via a PEG tube which has been inserted directly into the service users stomach. 3.1/2 Using a few of the different routes of administration highlight the materials or equipments involved. For example * A service user who has a severe chest condition may require a nebulizer. This devise pumps air through a mask/mouthpiece that contains the medicine in a chamber. The medicine is converted into a fine mist and the service user inhales the medicine. * Oral administration – spoon, pill pot, water, gloves * Topical administration – gloves to avoid cross contamination and potential harm to yourself. 5.3 An example of this would be what to do when you make an error in administration of medication. Anyone can make a mistake but it is important that you report the incident immediately to your manager to avoid any damage or deterioration to the health of the individual. Your workplace should have a policy in place of what to do when an error in administration has been made and why. Read and summarise. If you have administered medicine to an individual and they develop an adverse effect which you are not competent to handle you need to report following the procedures at your workplace. Medication errors happen, but you should report errors immediately. An error in the administration of a medicine can be at best inconvenient or at worst  fatal. Common medication errors include; – * Under administration * Over administration * Incorrect medication * Incorrect prescription * Non administration * Non recording * Administration of wrong medicine to wrong service user * Administration at wrong time. When any error in administering medication occurs, the local procedure must be followed immediately and should include the following steps:- * Report immediately to your line manager and follow directions given * Report immediately to the prescriber/GP/pharmacist and follow directions given * If serious error is made the service user may need hospital treatment * Document error fully All incidents should be fully investigated, the results documented and every possible action taken to prevent the mistake happening again. If serious negligence or an attempt to cover up the mistake is discovered, this should be treated as a disciplinary offence. Failure to record medication errors is a Registration Offence for qualified staff and should be reported to the NMC. The Care Commission and CQC also require to be notified of medication errors. 5.5 Even if an individual wishes to self administer their medication it is still necessary to maintain a record of their current medication as stated in the National minimum standards which states â€Å" The service user, following assessment as able to self administer medication, has a lockable space in which to store medication, to which suitably trained, designated care staff may have access with the service users permission† It is necessary to confirm that the individual actually takes the medication because you are required to complete the MAR (Medicines Administration record) accurately. If the individual passed the medication to another individual, that person  could become seriously ill as could the person who the medication was intended for. You are responsible for the administration and its accuracy and it is your duty of care to protect individuals from harm. 5.7 CONTROLLED DRUGS Special arrangements apply to the disposal of Controlled Drugs (CD’s) in care homes registered to provide nursing care in England and Wales: * If supplied for a named person: denature CDs using a kit designed for this purpose and then consign to a licensed waste disposal company * If supplied as a ‘stock’ for the care home (nursing) : an authorised person must witness the disposal. For all other social care settings, the CDs should be returned to the pharmacist or dispensing doctor who supplied them at the earliest opportunity for safe denaturing and disposal. When CDs are returned for disposal, a record of the return should be made in the CD record book. It is good practice to obtain a signature for receipt from the pharmacist or dispensing doctor. Handling non prescribed controlled drugs and their disposal Sometimes people bring illicit substances into care homes. The care setting should take advice from local police and if necessary the Serious and Organised Crime Agency concerning appropriate procedures for dealing with this. Homecare providers should devise policies and procedures in relation to service users using illicit drugs. This may include a requirement for care workers to vacate the premises if a service user is smoking, consuming or injecting illegal substances. Legal advice should be sought in situations where care workers may be at risk of aiding and abetting a service user to perform an illegal act. DISPOSAL OF MEDICINES All care settings should have a written policy for the safe disposal of surplus, unwanted or expired medicines. When care staff are responsible for the disposal, a complete record of medicines should be made The normal method for disposing of medicines should be by returning them to the supplier. The supplier can then ensure that these medicines are disposed of  in accordance with current waste regulations. In England, care homes (nursing) must not return medicines to a community pharmacist but use a licensed waste management company. Additional advice is provided by CQC in safe disposal of waste medicines from care homes (nursing). The situations when medicines might need to be disposed of include: * A person’s treatment has changed or is discontinued – the remaining supplies of it should be disposed of safely (with the persons consent) * A person transfers to another care service – they should take all of their medicines with them, unless they agree to dispose of any that are no longer needed * A person dies. The person’s medicines should be kept for seven days, in case the Coroner’s Office, Procurator Fiscal (in Scotland) or courts ask for them * The medicine reaches its expiry date. Some medicine expiry dates are shortened when the product has been opened and is in use, for example, eye drops. When applicable, this sis stated in the product information leaflet (PIL). All disposals of medicines must be clearly documented. Administer Medication To Individuals Essay The Medicines Act 1968. This governs the control of medicines for human and veterinary use which includes the manufacture and supply of medicines – the Act defines three categories of medicine:- 1. Prescription Only Medicines (POM) These are available only from the chemist /pharmacy if prescribed by GP. 2. Pharmacy Medicines Available from the pharmacy but without a prescriptions 3. General Sales List (GSL) Medicines which may be bought from any shop without a prescriptions. Human Medicines Regulations 2012 These Regulations set out a complex regime for the authorisation of medicinal products for human use, Manufacture, import, distribution, sale and supply of those products. For the labelling and advertising and for drug safety. See more:  Masters of Satire: John Dryden and Jonathan Swift Essay The Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971 This act creates three classes of controlled substances A, B, and C, and ranges of penalties for illegal or unlicensed possession and possession with the intent to supply are graded differently within each class. The lists of substances within each class can be amended by order so the Home Secretary can list new drugs and upgrade or downgrade or de-list previously controlled drugs with less of the bureaucracy and delay The Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody) Regulations 2001. The Misuse of Drugs Act controls the export, import, supply and possession of dangerous or otherwise harmful drugs. In effect the Act largely renders unlawful all activities in the drugs controlled under the act except provided for under the regulations made under the Act. The drugs which are subject to the control of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Health Act 2006 An Act to make provision of the prohibition of smoking in certain premises, places and vehicles and for amending the minimum age of persons to whom tobacco may be sold, to make provisions in relation to the prevention and control of health care associated infection, to make provisions in relation  to the management and use of controlled drugs, to make provision in relation to the management and use of controlled drugs, to make provision in relation to the supervision of certain dealings with medicinal products and the running of pharmacy premises and about orders under the Medicines Act 1968 and orders amending that Act under the Health Act 1999 Health and Social Care Act 2008 (2012) The main focus of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 was to create a new regulator whose aim and purpose was to provide registration and inspection of health and adult social care services together for the first time, with the aim of ensuring safety and quality of care for service users. The Care Quality Commission was established by statute, with enhanced powers to regulate primary care services, including hospitals, GP practices, Dental practices, Ambulance Services and Care Homes. These powers include failing registration, fines and even closing practices down which do not adhere to the Fundamental Standards in Quality and Safety. This cohesive approach has led to the CQC becoming one of the most powerful regulatory bodies in the UK. Read more: The Health and Social Care Act 2012 made minor changes to the 2008 Act, but for the purposes of Health and Adult Social Care professionals looking at the registration and inspection regime, this only amounted to terminological clarification, a strengthening of the relationship between the CQC and Monitor and the establishment of The Healthwatch England Committee as part of the CQC. In addition to this the following institutions have been abolished: The Office of the Health Professions Adjudicator, The National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care, The National Patient Safety Agency and The NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. The Controlled Drugs (Supervision and management And Use) Regulations 2006 The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 divide controlled drugs (CDs) into five schedules corresponding to their theraputic usefulness and misuse potential. A Number of changes affecting the prescribing, record keeping and destruction of CDs have been introduced a s a result of amendments to the Misuse Of Drugs Regulations 2001. The Controlled Drugs (Supervision of Management and Use) Regulations 2006 came into effect on 1st January 2007. The Health and Safety at Work Act – The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is also referred to as JSWA, The HSW Act, The 1974 Act or  HASAWA. This is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in Great Britain. The Health and Safety Executive with local authorities (and other enforcing authorities) is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment. Essential Standards (Regulation 13) 2008.2010 – This is a very small part in Regulation 13 as in, The registered pewrson must have suitable arrangements in place for obtaining and acting in the best interest of the individual. Where they are able to give valid consent to the examination, care, treatment and support they receive. Understand and know how to change any decisions about examination, care, treatment as in medication and support that has been previously agreed, can be confident that their human rights are respected and taken into account accordance with the consent of service users in relation to the care and treatment provided for them. Data Protection Act 1998 – The Act’s definition of â€Å"personal data† covers any data that can be used to identify a living individual. Individuals can be identified by various means including their names and address, telephone number or email address. The Act applies only to data which is held or intended to be held on computers (equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose) or held in a relevant filing system. Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002 The occupational use of nano materials is regulated under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to health and includes nano materials. This covers controlled drugs as well The Environmental Protection Act 1990 & The Waste and Contaminated land Order 1997 – place a Duty Of Care on anyone who produces, collects, treats and disposes of waste. This includes feminine hygiene, clinical, sharps, medicines, dental wastes, confidential waste or other waste to be recycled. The main principles of duty of care are about documenting the transfer of waste and checking up on anyone you transfer waste to (e.g. if they are a registered carrier of waste, if they are taking waste to suitably licensed / permitted sites). You should only use a Contractor who can provide proof of compliance with the legislation. Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005 – The regulations replaced the special waste regulations 1996 in England and fully meet the requirements of the Hazardous Waste Directive. The regulations  remove the current need to pre-notify the Environment Agency before hazardous waste can be moved off site, and include a simpler method for tracking wastes once they have been moved. The include a new system to ensure that certain sites where hazardous waste is produced are notified to the Environment Agency. This will improve the whole regulation of the hazardous waste chain from source site to waste site. These regulations had previously amended certain clinical, medicinal and dental wastes they are now affected by the new Regulations as well as you must not mix hazardous with non-hazardous waste. Soft/hard Clinical waste, Sharps and pharmaceutical-sharpes This waste may be classed as hazardous, due to its infectious nature. The Department of Health has produced important new guidance in Safe Management of Healthcare waste. Offensive waste-Sanitary, Incontinence, red lidded sharps. Feminine hygiene, nappy and incontinence and fully discharged syringes are not classed as hazardous or special waste and do not require consignment notes. The Guideline policies and procedures in the Care Home I work in In my workplace, I have access Common Types of Medication Effects Potential Side Effects Analgesics. e.g. Paracetamol Analgesics are used to relieve pain such as headaches Addiction to these can happen if taken over a long period of time. Also, irritation of the stomach, liver damage and sleep disturbances as some analgesics contain caffeine. Antibiotics. e.g. Amoxicillin Antibiotics are used to treat infections that are caused by bacteria Diarrhoea, feeling sick and vomiting are the most common side effects. Some people get a fungal infection such as thrush after  treatment with antibiotics for a longer period of time.   More serious side-effects of antibiotics include kidney problems, blood disorders, increased sensitivity to the sun and deafness. However, these are rare. Antidepressants. e.g. Citalopram Antidepressants work by changing the chemical balance in the brain and that can in turn change the psychological state of the mind such as depression Common side effects include blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, increased appetite, nausea, restlessness, shaking or trembling and difficulty sleeping. Other side effects include, dry mouthy, constipation and sweating Anticoagulants. e.g. Warfarin Anticoagulants are used to prevent blood clotting A side effect common to all anticoagulants is the risk of excessive bleeding (Haemorrhages) This is because these medicines increase the time that it takes clots to form. If clots take too long to form, then you can experience excessive bleeding. Side effects may include passing blood in your urine or faeces, severe bruising, prolonged nosebleeds (Lasting longer than 10 Minutes) Blood in your vomit, coughing up blood unusual headaches, sudden sever back pain and difficulty breathing or chest pain. Some Side effects with warfarin include rashes, diarrhoea, nausea (Feeling sick) and vomiting Identify Medication Which Demands The Measurement of Specific Physiological Measurements Describe The Common Adverse Reactions To Medication, How Each Can Be Recognised And the Appropriate Action(s) Required Unexpected adverse reactions can happen for any drug potentially that an individual is taking. For example one individual I work a person may have an adverse reaction to penicillin, anaphylactic shock; the signs of this are the swelling of for example the lips or face, a skin rash and the individual may also have breathing difficulties. This is why it is important that all information about an individual is recorded in full in their care plan and on the MAR sheet. Other severe adverse reactions could include a fever and skin blistering; if adverse reactions are not treated they could fatal. These usually occur within an hour of the medications being administered. Sometimes adverse reactions can develop a few weeks after and may cause damage to the kidneys or liver. If a service user at my place of work happened to have an adverse reaction to a medication, I would notify the Nurse on duty and/or House Manager. It would be up to them to contact the local GP for advice, and if necessary to make arrangements to get the service user to hospital for treatment. Explain the Different Routes Of Medicine Administration Routes Of Administration Explanation Inhalation Inhalers and nebulisers are used for individuals who have respiratory conditions as these deliver the medication directly to the lungs. Conditions such as Asthma and COPD Oral This medication is taken via the mouth. This can be in the form of tablets and capsules. If am individual finds it difficult to swallow tablets oral medication is also available in liquids, suspensions and syrups. Sub lingual medications are for example when tablets are placed under the tongue to dissolve quickly Transdermal Transdermal medications come in the form of patches that are applied to the skin normally to the chest or upper arm. They work by allowing the medication to be released slowly and then absorbed. For example, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) patches and nicotine patches. Topical Topical medications come in the form of creams and gels and are applied directly to the skin surface usually to treat skin conditions. Instillation  Instillation medications come in the form of drops or ointments and can be instilled via the eyes, nose or ears. Drops can be used for ear or eye  infections. Nose sprays are used for treating for example hay fever. Intravenous Intravenous medication enters directly into the veins and absorbed quickly. This route can only be done by a doctor or trained nurse Rectal/Vaginal Rectal medications are absorbed very quickly. Suppositories are available and are given into the rectum. Pessaries are given into the vagina. Only after training can these medications be administered. Subcutaneous Subcutaneous medications are injected just beneath the skin i.e. insulin is administered in this way. Only after training can these medications be administered. Intramuscular Intramuscular medication is injected directly into the large muscles in the body, i.e. the legs or bottom. This route can only be done by a doctor or trained nurse. Administer medication to individuals Essay Current legislation, guidelines, policies and protocols relevant to administering medication are:- The Medicines Act 1968 – requires that local pharmacist or dispencing doctor is responsible for supplying medication. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 – controls dangerous and harmful drugs, I.e. controlled drugs (CD’s) The Misuse of Drugs and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2007 – specifies about handling, record keeping and storing controlled drugs correctly. The Safer Management of Controlled Drugs Regulations 2006 – specifies how controlled drugs are stored, administered and disposed of. Common types of medication include:- Medication Effects Side effects PareacetamolIt is commonly used for the relief of headaches and other minor aches and pains Mild to no side effects. Prolonged daily use increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications such as stomach bleedingOmeprazole suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell. By acting specifically on the proton pump, omeprazole blocks the final step in acid production, thus reducing gastric acidity headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, trouble awakening and sleep deprivation Levothyroxine Levothyroxine is approved to treat hypothyroidism and to suppress thyroid hormone release in the management of cancerous thyroid nodules and growth of goiterrs. See more:  First Poem for You Essay Levothyroxine may increase the effect of blood thinners such as warfarin. Therefore, monitoring of blood clotting is necessary, and a decrease in the dose of warfarin may be necessary. AsprinUsed to relive minor aches and pains such as headaches. It can be also used to thin the blood to reduce the possibility of a blood clots, heart attacks and strokes. Aspirin use has been shown to increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding2 Medication that demands the measurement of specific psychological measurements includes :Spironolactone – blood pressure Furosemide- blood  pressure Digoxin – blood pressure Warfarin – INR blood test 3 Common side effects to medication include: Side effects How can be recognised Actions required Weight gain Visual and my weighing Diet control Constipation Not being able to pass a bowel motion LaxitivesDrowsiness Person being very sleepy Rest until drowsiness wears off Rashes Visual appearance on the skin Stop medication and consult GP Vomiting Person is vomiting Consult GP DiahorreaPerson having loose bowlesSeek advice from GP Swelling Swelling of limbs face ectStop medication and consult GP Breathing difficulties Person finding in difficult to breath Ring 999 4 Different routes of medicine administration: Oral – tablets, capsules, liquids etc. These are swallowed by the person. Sublingually – tablets or liquids are administered under the tongue for speed of absorption. Inhalation administration – this is breathed in through the nose or mouth so its delivered straight into where it is most needed i.e. the lungs. Intramuscular (IM) injection administration – injected into large muscles onto the body e.g. legs, bottom. Can only be performed by a trained doctor or nurse.Intravenous (IV) injection administration – administered directly into the veins so it is rapidly absorbed into the body.Subcutaneous injection – medicine is injected directly under the skin, most common type of medicine injected in this way is insulin. Instillation administration – these can be a suspension or liquid and can be administered in a number of ways via ear nose or eyes. Rectal Administration – these are usually suppositories and are absorbed into the body quickly by this route. Vaginal administration – only really used to treat conditions in the vagina such as thrush Topical application administration – creams, ointments and gels are applied to the skin. Transdermal patch – this is applied the skin for slow absorption into the body. Explain the types, function and purpose of equipment and materials used when administering medication. Type Purpose and function Gloves They protect the skin and stops cross contamination Aprons They protect cloth and create a barrier which helps prevent cross contamination Sharps bin This is used for the safe disposal of needles etc. Needles These are available in an array of sizes so they are specific to the function and resident using them. They are used to inject insulin into diabetics Syringe These are available in different sizes and are used to obtain the correct amount on medication. Medication pots These are used to safely transport and hold the medication before being administered to the resident. Monitored dosage system (MDS) This is system pharmacists use to dispense medicines and must be used with accordance to the MAR record. inhalers You can also compliance aids such as Aerochambers to aid to inhale the medicine correctly. The required information on prescriptions and medications charts include: The name or names and address of the patient or patients. The name and quantity of the drug or device prescribed and the directions for use. The date of issue. Either rubber stamped, typed, or printed by hand or typeset, the name, address, and telephone number of the prescriber, his or her license classification, and his or her federal registry number, if a controlled substance is prescribed. Strength The time the medication should be administered. Outcome 4 In order to ensure I follow standards to prevent infection control I must make sure that I wash mu hands before and after each resident. You should always wear gloves if you run the risk of handling them inadvertently if they are cytotoxic. Medicines should always be stored in a clean and tidy environment. All medication a resident takes will be recorded on the MDS chart and all staff trained in administering medication will know how to record and understand the MAR charts. If resident B requests some pain relief you should always refer to the MDS chart to see what type of pain relief medication they are taking. It will also state how often they can have the medication and by what route the medication should be given. When preparing medication you should always refer to the MDS chart as it will tell you the exact time that the resident had their last pain relief. If it is ok to give the resident the medication then you should prepare the medication and then take it straight to the person. You should then immediately record the transaction onto the MDS chart either by signing it to say that the medicine has been taken or recording the reason for non-administration. This is done be a code described on the MDS chart. You have to obtain the residents consent before administering them their medication. They must know what the medication they are taking and have the right to refuse medication. The resident may ask what their medication is for and I must give them this information. If a resident is not capable of making an informed choice i.e. the resident has got a mental illness and it is essential that that resident has their medication then it may have to be administered covertly (hidden or disguised in food) this must only be done after discussion with a doctor. All medication for each individual resident will be stored in MDS and are clearly labelled so selecting to correct medication is easier. After selecting all the correct medication with accordance to the MDS chart you should then check you have the correct type and dosage against the MDS chart. If any medicines have to be prepared for example having 10mls of lactulose you should ensue you prepare the correct amount them double check the amount against the MDS chart. There are different routes for administering medication. You should always read the label of medication to ensure that are administering it in in the correct way. If you are giving insulin to a resident it is important to  alternate sites of injection, so you must look in their insulin record book to see which site was used for the last injection. You must also make sure that the site is clean before you inject. You must ensure that you give the correct medication at the correct dose by the correct route at the correct time with agreed support. You must always use the medication system in place at the home and make sure that medication is given as stated on the MDS charts. My doing this you will stay in line with legislation and the homes policies. There may be immediate problems when administering medication which have to be resolved and reported such as: Missed medication – the medication may have been missed as the resident was asleep, or because they go out regular social events. If they miss their medication on a regular occasion that you should talk to their GP or pharmacist to see if their medication regime can be changed so it is more suited therefore they do not miss medications. Spilt medication – this may occasionally happen you may knock over a resident dispersible aspirin, if this happens you should give them the last dose from the MDS blister pack and record to say why this is missing. A person decides not to take prescribed medication – you must find out why the person is choosing not to take their medication. You can explain the side effects if the person does not take their medication but you cannot force then to take it. You must inform their GP of their wishes not to take the medication. Wrong medication used – mistakes can happen in social care especially if poor systems are in place. If a medication error has been made you must follow the correct procedures. You must seek advice from a doctor to make sure the medication that has been given in error does not react with any other medication that the resident is taking. You must them fill out an incident report. Adverse reaction – these may occur when a resident takes any medicine. They may have been taking the medication for a short or long time before that reaction happens. It is important to document the reaction when it occurs and inform the doctor. All of the above must be reported to the senior member on shift and also recorded in their care notes. When administering medication you must monitor the resident throughout so you can observe if any adverse reaction are taking place. If any adverse reactions are taking place you must take the appropriate action depending on the type of reaction. This must then also be recorded in their care notes and their doctor will also have to be informed. It is necessary to confirm that the resident has taken their medication and does not pass it on to others as the medication if taken by another resident may be harmful to them. The resident if they have mental health issues may not realise that the medication is only for them to take and may believe them to be sweets. You must also ensure they take them so that you can sign the MDS chart or else you cannot correctly sing the chart as you are signing to say they have took the medication. You should only leave medication with a resident if a risk assessment has been carried out. All medication must be stored in a locked dry room. The room must not be above 25 °Ã¡ ¶Å" to ensure that they are stored within their product licences and their stability is maintained. The MDS chart must also be stored in a locked cupboard as all information about a resident medication is confidential. The drugs trolley’s whilst in use must be kept in good vision in order to maintain security. After each medication round the trolleys must be locked up in the locked cupboard at the senior member on shift should hold the keys to this room in order to maintain security. Any out-of-date and part used medication must be sent back in the correct way in accordance to your MDS. All medication must be counted and recorded on the medication returns record. You have to record which resident’s medication it is, what strength, the amount being returned and the reason for disposal. Two members of staff have to sign and count the medication being returned, the pharmacist then collects the medication and will return the receipt that the homes keeps to record that the medication has been returned.

Decision Analysis Tasks Essay

I was asked to provide a distribution pattern that minimizes shipping costs and provides adequate availability and demand. I used transportation modeling to solve this problem. Transportation modeling is â€Å"an interactive procedure that finds the least costly means of moving products from a series of sources to a series of destinations† (Heizer & Render, 2011). This tool is used to determine the best distribution pattern for multiple locations. It is best for this problem because it allows for us to determine how many products can be held at each location to give Shuzworld the lowest shipping costs. The original setup had an optimal shipping cost of $13,600. It had 1300 pairs housed at the Shanghai warehouse. Shuzworld H had 300 pairs in Warehouse 1, 200 pairs in Warehouse 2, and 1800 pairs at Warehouse 3. Shuzworld F had 2200 pairs housed at 1 warehouse. The recommended plan lowered the optimal cost to $13,400. The Shanghai plant will house 1500 shoes in Warehouse 2, with an additional 1300 shoes held in case of increased demand. Shuzworld H will hold 300 shoes in Warehouse 1, 1800 shoes in Warehouse 3, and an additional 200 shoes will be held for increased demand. Shuzworld F will have 2200 shoes held in Warehouse 1. This will allow all of the warehouses to hold enough products to meet current demand, with additional products in short shipping distance. This cuts down on shipping costs as well as time waiting on the production of more shoes. As the market demand increases, additional shoes can be delivered from the holding warehouse. The next task is to find the most reliable machine set up for the computer-driven shoe machine process. â€Å"Reliability is the probability that a machine will function properly for a specified time† (Heizer & Render, 2011). In order to provide reliability, it is critical to provide backup systems for all computers. When operating computers fail, production can be slowed, or stopped altogether. The initial system had an overall reliability of 76%. There was no backups for any of the machines. Machine  1 had a reliability of 84%, Machine 2’s reliability was 91%, and Machine 3 had a reliability of 99%. The first possible setup, and ultimately the recommended setup, was to backup Machine 1. This led to an overall reliability of 84%. Backing up Machine 2 only gave a reliability of 82%. Backing up Machine 3 only gave a reliability of 76%. Therefore the recommendation is to backup Machine 1 and increase the reliability to 88%. The next task is to provide the optimum number of shoelaces to order, using appropriate cost balancing. The economic order quantity (EOQ) is the order amount that allows for an optimum level of materials at the lowest cost possible. There is a demand ofr 300,000 shoelaces per year. The setup cost is $125 per order. There is a $.10 holding cost per unit. The optimal order quantity recommended is 27,386.13 shoelaces per order, with a maximum inventory of 27,386.13. This means that we will order just the amount of shoelaces needed to fulfill current production orders. The average inventory is 13,693.06 shoelaces. There will be approximately 10.95 orders per year. The annual setup cost is $1,369.31, and the annual holding cost is $1,369.31. This makes the total cost per year $2, 738.61. This decision tool allows us to calculate the correct amount needed per order to ensure that we are lowering operating and holding costs, while keeping production properly stocked. The last task was to determine if Shuzworld would benefit from a one-cashier or two-cashier waiting line system. There is typically an average of 6 customers being serviced at any given time. There is typically a customer being services every 5 minutes, so the service rate is 12 customers per hour. One server is typically busy 0.5 of the time. There is usually 0.5 customers in the queue at any given time. There is 1 customer in the system at one time. This means that a customer spends 0.08 hours (5 minutes) in the store waiting to be serviced. A customer spends 0.17 hours (10 minutes) in the store making their complete purchase. This is too much time for a customer to wait and be serviced. This long wait time may dissuade sales, as customers do not want to wait to be helped or pay for their purchases. Using a two-cashier system is a more efficient option of Shuzworld. The average server utilization is 0.25, meaning that 75% of the  time, there is a server available to help customers. There is 0.03 customers in the queue at any given time, with 0.53 customers being served at one time. This means that the customer spends 0.01 hours (.33 minutes) waiting to be served, and 0.09 hours (5.33 minutes) in the store completing their purchase. This system allows the customers to get into the store, pick out their items, and pay in less than 6 minutes. This will definitely encourage future business with the company. Customers want to have the least amount of time spent in a store, and waiting for service may cause some to leave without making a purchase. This analysis tool allowed us to determine which system would provide the best times for the customers of Shuzworld. References Heizer, J., & Render, B. (2011). Operations Management (10 ed.). Prentice Hall.

Literature Review Essay Example

Literature Review Essay Example Literature Review Essay Literature Review Essay so they remained homeless after being released from hospital Choose make up h of Pl in hospitals and 1/16 of Pl in maximum security prisons Biological cause (c. F. Mineral paresis) Freud supported this view. Others blamed families for creating stressful environments that led to schizophrenia Characteristics Auditory hallucinations†hear voices that arent really there, no real external stimuli delusions, thought disorderspreposterous ideas, unable to make good decisions Language typicalitys†grammatically correct but doesnt really make sense Ex) If you had a star on your head, would you swallow marbles? Poverty of speech/ language Incoherent,go off on tangents Irrelevant Mix up and misuse homonyms (sense and cents; sea and see) Made up words Dress strangely, odd sleep patterns Suspicion of others, irrational fears Drug Treatments French gudgeon during French invasion of Indo China found that many soldiers were raving about pain and hallucinating. Used Throatier/Chlorinating Throatier decreased hallucinations and raving†but did not cure schizophrenia Thought to impact dopamine Some adverse side effects† slows down the person, passive, zombie like involuntary movements or ticks Cellophane (more recent drug) avoids passivity side effects inhibits serotonin and dopamine down side: 1-2 % experienced dramatic loss of white blood cells which resulted in decreased disease resistance Expensive Pl felt like they had woken up from a really long nap†this is stressful b/c feel like have done nothing with past 30 years of life Exodus from State Hospitals With new drug treatments, many symptoms of schizophrenia disappear 30% Pl are treatment resistant, and 30% have some chichi flare ups Genetics Chances that a person will have chichi: If both parents are chichi: 46 % chance Identical twin: 46-50% chance General population: 1% chance 1 parent has chichi: 5. % Sibling: Fraternal twin: 9% Things involved other than genes†could be a virus or environmental response. Evaluate situation out of hospital: Positive home life = decreased possibility of recurrence Stressful home life = increased likelihood to be back in mental hospital Debate b/w: Psychological approach Psychosocial variables that may be origin (Personal experience or early childhood experience) Biological approach Genetic predisposition Hormones Can visualize brain and see differences inboard of identical twins, one healthy and one with schizophrenia The one with chichi has larger ventricles, showing a loss of brain tissue Chichi is change in brain structure Actually, it is an interaction b/w the two approaches And possibly a cultural factor too Lenience Symptoms: Persistent sad moods, guild, worthlessness, decreased energy, difficulties sleeping, change in weight, aches, pains, suicidal thoughts Dont get out of bed for days Statistics: Single largest debilitating disorder†4. 8 million Pl 17% of US population Sex difference†women are more likely (20%) than men (10%) As a side note†autism also favors males If only have 1 major episode: 50% chance you will have another If 2: 70% chance you will have another If 3: 90% chance you will have another Expensive†loss of productivity in economy b/c Pl take of work; results in billions of dollars lost Cross cultural differences Ex) Iraq†chronically stressful environment 0 increased likelihood of having major depressive episode May be some genetic component Onset†learned helplessness If gradual deterioration of loved one (like a parent), and the person feels as though hey cant do anything to change the situation. Then, they move in with the sick relative, away from their network of friends and co-workers If the loved one dies, then depression is likely Unpopular Depression Depressive episodes bipolar Depression (manic depressive) incredible mood swings, mania; little sleep; think they can take on the world and have risky behavior during these highs and then a massive low point afterwards Martin salesman? learned helplessness ex. Nursing homes Behavioral Psychotherapy and Social-Learning Approach l. Behavior Modification A. Rewards and punishment 1 . Victor, the wild child (dart), very first use of rewards and punishments 2. Rewards and chronic schizophrenia (Alone and Czarina), had to distinguish what was considered a reward for each person II. Trauma to Anxiety and Phobia when things that co-occur with a trauma can cause a phobic reaction A. Classical conditioning Pavlov, a bell or noise that co- occurred with the presentation of meat to a dog, eventually Just the bell sound alone will cause the dog to salivate B. Systematic desensitizing method of exposing someone gradually to their phobia Ill. Social-Learning Theory (Bandanna)

HIPA A Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process The WritePass Journal

HIPA A Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process Introduction HIPA A Violations Affect the Medical Billing Process IntroductionREFERENCESRelated Introduction AIDS. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is found to be in the immune system of the affected body and it focuses on destroying the CD4 and T cell,  which actually helps fight off diseases. It was said that a  person will be able to tell when they are experiencing HIV because they will get flu symptoms or not even get symptoms until months or years down the line. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) arrives at the end stages of HIV. AIDS begins to come when the immune system can no longer defend it self from diseases. HIV is often transmitted through sexual activity within partners or IV drug use, such as sharing needles. Also, it was said from people that AIDS was initially thought to be a disease for  gay males and that stigma has stuck but it was clear  that women and children of all ages, sexual orientations and races can also be the victims of HIV and AIDS. Understanding what exactly the Health  Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is all about help people to understand the implications of HIV  and AIDS  from the perspective of HIPPA confidentiality.  In 1996 it was Congress that enacted HIPAA to prevent patients personal health information from being used by people who was  not given permission or allowed too. HIPAA restriction was given permission to be allowed on medical records and the way information  is handled and which party  has access to  the information. HIPAA operates in four different ways and not only that but they are  broken down into four parts. First will be the portability part,  this is what gives people the chance to get insurance coverage. Second will be the transaction, this control the way you are to file a claim and also any other information that falls in this category. Than you have third and fourth, which is security and privacy  and by the way I believe is most important . The HIPAA Privacy Rule informs the national standards for protecting all patients’ privacy of health information of any sort. Any type of medical information that contains patient’s personal identifiers must protected access no exception what so ever. Something else is HIPAA requires that an organization must define who has access to PHI and just how much of the patient personal information is accessible.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HIPAA affects billing process by making sure that patient demographics are  up to date  and kept confidential. Within the patient files it  should be an authorization letter  to allow a practice to use any of  the confidential information and to bill that patient information to their carrier for services. If this authorization letter  is not  on file the practice may not for any reason release or disclose any patient’s  information that falls under treatment that the patient has had in the  past. All of the patientâ⠂¬â„¢s medical records, reports and other important clinical materials are legal documents that belong to the person who created them. But for any reason  the provider cannot withhold  any of  the information in the records unless providing it would be detrimental to the patients’ health. The  medical insurance specialist handles any issues, such as requests for information from patient records. It is recommended that they are trained to know what information can be released about patients’ conditions and treatments. Concerning HIPAA regulations a patient’s healthcare provider and his entire staff must adhering and demonstrating to the regulations of HIPAA. HIPAA demands privacy regarding a patients personal information. That includes diagnose as well as information regarding sexuality and history of drug use. This applies to  all diagnoses, but because of the social stigmas mentioned earlier, people are even more sensitive when it comes to AIDS disclosures.  There are  always  steps that can be  done to  be absolutely sure  that  everyone  practices compliance with HIPAA. One would  be to check your privacy guidelines, by  browsing through  the HIPAA privacy and security guidelines occasionally  to make sure that you stay  up to date with  all guidelines.  You can also make sure that you are in compliance by  being sure  that all employee’s along with everyone that comes in contact with the patient  are trained and that they attend training   at least two to  three times  a year.  This is  something that should be  recommended because of how  HIPPA changes it’s rules. It is also good to be sure that any business  that’s involved has a written agreement in place over regulations to be on the safe side. All Incidents should be handled right away when the matter occurs as well handled immediately with all documents in place. To make sure that any violation that has occurs and reported their can be no retaliation against the reporting party. Reviewing the  systems activity on a daily basis to ensure that there is no suspicious activity that you are not aware of is a also something that would be a good thing to do.  By the way research shows in the past there have been some cases of medical identity theft and how it can be  prevented. Research states that, you can do this by conducting a technical audit if there is any suspicious activity then it can be caught in its early stages. While  examining â€Å"the social, legal, and ethical ramifications of improper disclosure† important information was given out  during the research. Privacy regulations issued by the Department of Health and Human Services under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act declare to protect the privacy of American patients health information in several ways. (HIPAA Privacy Regulations, 2000). The regulations  were intended to give patients control over any of their health information and create strict limit around how medical records can be used and released in any confidential way. The regulations also made it to where they  balance public responsibility with specific privacy protections meaning that they allow many uses of patient information without consent. There are a few legal ramifications of improper information disclosure which the U.S. Department of Justice has clarified. There are a few penalties that may be assessed and whom these penalties may be against for these violations. Covered facilities and persons whom intentionally attain or disclose individually identifiable health information in violation of HIPAA may be fined up to $50,000, as well as imprisonment up to one year (Amaguin, 2011) When ever confidential  information is  inappropriately disclosed  it can create family and social stress, employment issues and even housing issues. The law does say that all patients have every  right to sue medical providers if their information is not properly locked up and safe. When new laws implemented to make HIV medical information, and the confidentiality surrounding it extremely strict this was done to protect those suffering from this virus. The ethical issues  relating to confidentiality and partner notifications within the context of HIV infection are complex. The right of the  individual to confidentiality  can be  in conflict with the right of the partner to be protected  from the risk  of infection. (Social and  Ethical Issues, 2004)   In the world, society  is a discriminative society period. An  HIV patient is prone to social isolation and discrimination consistent throughout society.  A lot  of  people view the HIV patient as a germ or an infected area. With various explanations available the  people in public  does not want to understand what the public fears so they try to avoid the situation by talking about the infected person among each other.  This is something that goes on in society and when it comes to the patient’s health information physicians are suppose to be sure that all personal information stay hidden away and is not given out to any third party or people is not given permission. REFERENCES L. Amaguin (2011). Legal Action Center, retrieved from http://lac.org/doc_library/lac/publications/HIV-AIDSTesting-Confidentiality-Discrimination2003.pdf S. Col (2004). Social and Ethical Issues, retrieved from http://medind.nic.in/maa/t04/i2/maat04i2p107.pdf HIV and AIDS Bureau Staff (2004). Protecting Health Information Privacy and Complying with Federal Regulations, retrieved from http://hab.hrsa.gov/publications/hippa04.htm

Mein Kampf the Book Written by Adolf Hitler

Mein Kampf the Book Written by Adolf Hitler By 1925, 35-year-old Adolf Hitler was already a war veteran, leader of a political party, orchestrator of a failed coup, and a prisoner in a German prison. In July 1925, he also became a published book author with the release of the first volume of his work,  Mein Kampf (My Struggle). The book, whose first volume was largely written during his eight-month imprisonment for his leadership in the failed coup, is a rambling discourse on Hitler’s ideology and goals for the future German state.  The second volume was published in December 1926 (however, the books themselves were printed with a 1927 publication date). The text initially suffered from slow sales but, like its author would soon become a fixture in German society. Hitler’s Early Years in the Nazi Party At the end of World War I, Hitler, like so many other German veterans, found himself unemployed. So when he was offered a position to work as an informant for the newly established Weimar government, he seized the opportunity. Hitlers duties were simple; he was to attend the meetings of newly formed political organizations and report upon their activities to government officials who were monitoring these parties. One of the parties, the German Workers’ Party (DAP), captivated Hitler so much during his attendance that the following spring he left his government position and decided to dedicate himself to the DAP. That same year (1920), the party changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), or Nazi Party. Hitler quickly gained renown as a powerful speaker. Within the party’s early years, Hitler is credited with helping the party greatly increase membership through his powerful speeches against the government and the Treaty of Versailles.  Hitler is also credited with helping to design the main tenets of the party’s platform. In July 1921, a shake-up occurred within the party and Hitler found himself in the position to replace party co-founder Anton Drexler as the chairperson of the Nazi Party. Hitler's Failed Coup: The Beer Hall Putsch In the fall of 1923, Hitler decided it was time to seize upon the public’s discontent with the Weimar government and organize a putsch (coup) against both the Bavarian state government and the German federal government. With assistance from the SA, SA leader Ernst Roehm, Herman Gà ¶ring, and famous World War I General Erich von Ludendorff, Hitler and Nazi Party members stormed a Munich beer hall where members of the local Bavarian government were gathered for an event. Hitler and his men quickly brought the event to a standstill by setting up machine guns at the entrances and falsely announcing that the Nazis had seized both the Bavarian state government and the German federal government. After a short period of perceived success, several missteps led to the putsch quickly falling apart. After being shot at in the street by the German military, Hitler fled and hid for two days in the attic of a party supporter. He was then caught, arrested, and placed in Landsberg prison to await his trial for his role in the attempted Beer Hall Putsch. On Trial for Treason In March 1924, Hitler and the other leaders of the putsch were put on trial for high treason. Hitler, himself, faced possible deportation from Germany (due to his status as a non-citizen) or a life sentence in prison. He took advantage of the media coverage of the trial to paint himself as an ardent supporter of the German people and the German state, wearing his Iron Cross for Bravery in WWI and speaking out against the â€Å"injustices† perpetrated by the Weimar government and their collusion with the Treaty of Versailles. Instead of projecting himself as a man guilty of treason, Hitler came across during his 24-day trial as an individual who had the best interests of Germany in mind. He was sentenced to five years in Landsberg prison but would serve only eight months. The others on trial received lesser sentences and some were released without any penalty. The Writing of Mein Kampf Life in Landsberg prison was far from difficult for Hitler. He was permitted to walk freely throughout the grounds, wear his own clothing, and entertain visitors as he chose. He was also permitted to mingle with other prisoners, including his personal secretary, Rudolf Hess, who was imprisoned for his own part in the failed putsch. During their time together in Landsberg, Hess served as Hitler’s personal typist while Hitler dictated some of the work that would become known as the  first volume of Mein Kampf. Hitler decided to write Mein Kampf for a two-fold purpose: to share his ideology with his followers and also to help recoup some of the legal expenses from his trial. Interestingly, Hitler originally proposed the title, Four-and-a-Half Years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice; it was his publisher who shortened it to My Struggle or Mein Kampf. Volume 1 The first volume of Mein Kampf, subtitled â€Å"Eine Abrechnung† or â€Å"A Reckoning,† was written mostly during Hitler’s stay in Landsberg and ultimately consisted of 12 chapters when it was published in July 1925. This first volume covered Hitler’s childhood through the initial development of the Nazi Party. Although many of the book’s readers thought it would be autobiographical in nature, the text itself only uses Hitler’s life events as a springboard for long-winded diatribes against those he viewed as inferior, particularly the Jewish people. Hitler also frequently wrote against the political scourges of Communism, which he purported was directly linked to the Jews, whom he believed were attempting to take over the world. Hitler also wrote that the present German government and its democracy was failing the German people and that his plan to remove the German parliament and instate the Nazi Party as the leadership would save Germany from future ruin. Volume 2 Volume two of Mein Kampf, subtitled â€Å"Die Nationalsozialistische Bewegung,† or â€Å"The National Socialist Movement,† consisted of 15 chapters and was published in December 1926. This volume was intended to cover how the Nazi Party was founded; however, it was more of a rambling discourse of Hitler’s political ideology. In this second volume, Hitler laid out his goals for future German success. Crucial to the success of Germany, Hitler believed, was gaining more â€Å"living space†. He wrote that this gain should be made by first spreading the German empire to the East, into the land of the inferior Slavic peoples who should be enslaved and their natural resources confiscated for the better, more racially pure, German people. Hitler also discussed the methods he would employ to gain the support of the German populace, including a massive propaganda campaign and the rebuilding of the German military. Reception for Mein Kampf The initial reception for Mein Kampf was not particularly impressive; the book sold roughly 10,000 copies in its first year. Most of the book’s initial purchasers were either Nazi Party faithful or members of the general public who were wrongly anticipating a scandalous autobiography. By the time Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, approximately 250,000 copies of the book’s two volumes had been sold. Hitler’s ascension to the chancellorship breathed new life into sales of Mein Kampf. For the first time, in 1933, sales of the full edition eclipsed the one million mark. Several special editions were also created and distributed to the German people. For instance, it became customary for every newlywed couple in Germany to receive a special newlywed’s edition of the work. By 1939, 5.2 million copies had been sold. At the outset of World War II, additional copies were distributed to each soldier. Copies of the work were also customary gifts for other life milestones such as graduations and births of children. By the war’s end in 1945, the number of copies sold rose to 10 million. However, despite its popularity on the printing presses, most Germans would later admit that they had not read the 700-page, two-volume text to any great extent. Mein Kampf Today With Hitler’s suicide and the conclusion of World War II, the property rights of Mein Kampf went to the Bavarian state government (since Munich was Hitler’s last official address before the Nazi seizure of power). Leaders in the Allied-occupied portion of Germany, which contained Bavaria, worked with Bavarian authorities to institute a ban on the publication of Mein Kampf within Germany. Upheld by the reunified German government, that ban  continued until 2015. In 2015, the copyright on Mein Kampf expired and the work became part of the public domain, thus negating the ban. In an effort to prevent the book from further becoming a tool of neo-Nazi hatred, the Bavarian state government has begun a campaign to publish annotated editions in several languages with hopes that these educational editions will become more popular than editions published for other, less noble, purposes. Mein Kampf still remains one of the most widely published and known books in the world. This work of racial hatred was a blueprint for the plans of one of the most destructive governments in world history. Once a fixture in German society, there is hope that today it can serve as a learning tool to prevent such tragedies in future generations.

Strateget management Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strateget management Reflection - Assignment Example Needless to say, it is something every company executive must keep in mind in running their business. Quite frankly though, this is a bit of a no-brainer for me; I have been raised from birth to be responsible in all aspects of life, so strategic management isn’t something I am incapable of. While it is true that different people may have varying degrees of success in this regard, this will still help any business no matter what field. Case in point: all big name companies that we have known, regardless of whether they were forced to declare bankruptcy, were able to pull this off somehow else they would never have gotten off the ground. Most of us, even non-business majors, no doubt already know this. This being the case, it becomes even more important to learn this skill which will spell the difference between success and failure in our careers. In particular, three steps are most important in my opinion – scanning both the external (knowing one’s surroundings) and internal (knowing oneself) environments, as well as the competition (knowing the enemy), which will be the focus of this paper. As I heard somewhere before, only by knowing both oneself and the enemy (or in this case, competition) can success be guaranteed. According to Elisabeth Chapus et al (2010), environmental scanning, both internal and external, is meant to aid managers in making decisions and to respond adequately to weak signals coming from the environment. Coming up with plans usually entails taking into account the current situation, and strategic management is no exception. However, unlike normal planning that focuses mainly on thinking of the future, strategic management emphasizes good decision-making in order to achieve a desirable future (Craig Dobbins, 2010). To this end, managers must be able to make educated guesses about the future based on what they see now, achieving a fit in terms of how the company can

White lies and integrity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

White lies and integrity - Essay Example In the political arena, it is particularly unacceptable for elected officials to hide facts from the people as they would prevent them from making informed decisions on public affairs and policy. In the personal sphere, some people may find white lies more justifiable. A common example is a loving family member who attempts to hide the negative prognosis of her dying relatives, fearing that the bad news will further aggravate the relative’s health. Although such a lie may sound more like an act of love, it remains a violation to another person’s autonomy as it takes away her chance to evaluate the decision and make the best decision for herself. Every person has the natural right to freedom and each rational human being should be the most capable person to determine what his/her best interest is. Thus, not only are white lies dishonest and lack integrity, they may be self-defeating in the sense that they may at the end harm instead of protect the person. Returning to the example of the dying relative: if the relative has known that she is dying soon, she would have ended the hospital treatment and spend the remaining of her life relaxing at home; however, since she does not know the true prognosis, she continues the hassle of going to the hospital every day. In this case, her health may be harmed by the white lie. She would be better off if her relative tells her the truth and allow her to decide for herself. Projecting this line of argument to the bigger picture, we as Americans may be hurt by the so-called white lies government officials present to us. This issue is especially controversial as the concern towards national security and international terrorism is severely heightened. After the 911 attack, it appears that the Bush Administration was allowed to conduct every operation in the â€Å"war of terrorism† under the name of homeland

Global conflicts and contexts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global conflicts and contexts - Essay Example This paper discusses the foreign relationships that UK can possibly have with Somalia to lessen this problem of high sea piracy. A very disturbing picture is painted by Lennox (2008: 1) about the Somalia piracy where he says, â€Å"There were 115 reported pirate attacks  off the coast of Somalia in 2008. Of those attacks, 46 resulted in the seizure of a commercial vessel by Somali pirates. The average ransom for the release of hijacked vessels increased from $1 million US dollars in July of 2008, to $1.5 million by December. At the time of writing 12 vessels are being held along with approximately 400 crewmembers in pirate towns along Somalia’s unlawful coasts†. Therefore, we can see that this problem has taken a magnitude of epic proportions and is threatening to completely block off the trade route via the Gulf of Aden. This the place which sees almost 20000 ships passing each year, has also the maximum number of attacks recorded, forcing the vessels to take a longer but safer alternative route. As Biegon (2009) tells us, â€Å"The increased threat of maritime piracy has heightened the ship ping industrys financial concerns in the context of the global economic recession. Over 6.8 billion tons of goods are moved by sea annually in a global trade cycle worth $7.4 trillion, with up to 90% of international trade traveling by ship at some point. The wave of pirate attacks off the eastern coast of Africa has already had a major impact on global shipping patterns. Following the hijacking of the Sirius Star, for example, AP Moller-Maersk, Europes largest shipping company,  diverted  its fleet of 50 oil tankers away from the Suez Canal towards the longer and more expensive route around the Cape of Good Hope.† This article looks at the piracy that is spelling doom for the trading vessels and Somalia alike, and tries to define the term maritime piracy and reexamine from a

Preventing Women from Exercising Equal Rights as Men in the Political Research Paper

Preventing Women from Exercising Equal Rights as Men in the Political Sphere by Olympe de Gouges - Research Paper Example Olympe de Gouges and some contemporary feminists as Theroigne de Mericourt and Etta Palm d'Aelders expressed their concern about this grossly unfair inequality between men and women and over time the voice of Olympe de Gouges became the most consistent, rational, cogent and quite often strident especially while mercilessly conducting autopsy of laws and customs that prevented women from exercising equal rights as men in the political sphere. However, it was not until 1791 when she published â€Å"The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen† that de Gouges dared to challenge openly the preconceived and ingrained notion among both the ruling class and the scientists that women were not only intellectually but also physically incapable of seriously exercising their intellect or make rational decisions. But, she was not so strident and rigidly feminist right from the early stages of her life. The very thing that once made Olympe an object of scorn, namely the sea mlessness of her way of living, her dramatic work, and her social convictions, the absence of any contradiction in her between thought and action, is precisely what most impresses us today. It was not possible for an unknown, widowed woman born of illiterate parents, raised in the provinces far from Paris, with no formal education and little means, to be able to master the language and also the art of persuasive and forceful argumentative writing. Olympe was no co-opted, no compromiser; rather, she was a forerunner, and one endowed with the sort of courage that can smash every form of dictatorship.

Volunteer activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Volunteer activity - Essay Example For this reason, continued pollution of an environment aims at altering environment that in turn expose them hazardous conditions. The idea of offering a service to the fewer fortunes struck my mind when I attended the mosque for the prayer service. It was their idea and I thought it could be of extreme importance to the fewer fortunes when implemented. The job was door to door walk with the aim of collecting clothing’s and bedding from the neighbourhood. I was unable to meet the deadline during my first attempt just because I felt ill. Later, I did my inquiry about the location and the name of the local shelter where I could deliver my collections. Fortunately, my inquiry was fruitful. Thereafter, I walked out for the collection from friends and neighbours. I managed to collect several bags of blankets and sleeping bags and approximately three large bags of coats and clothing which I delivered the local shelter. I felt comfortable doing the job and I will not hesitate to do it or activity of a similar kind once