Positivist Theory †Crime Essay

Positivism is a theory of knowledge which states that science is based upon theories that have been derived solely upon empirical evidence. The positivist theory approach to crime consists of three major features which include biological, psychological and social positivism. Biological: The biological component of positivism seeks to examine data from sources such as twin studies, family studies, genetic patterns and biochemical aspects in an attempt to conjure an explanation for a particular behaviour. Biological positivists generally look for biological causes generally in genetic inheritance. Psychological: The psychological component of positivism also seeks to observe biological factors but also adds behavioural factors such as child rearing practices and brain abnormalities that cause identifiable behaviour outcomes. Those who are extroverts are easy to condition and easy to de-condition those who are introverts are difficult to condition and also difficult to de-condition. Psychological positivism emphasized counselling and improving the lot of potential criminals. Social: Sociological positivism claims that societal factors such as poverty, membership of subcultures, or low levels of education can influence people to conduct criminal behaviour. Adolphe Quetelet made use of empirical evidence such as data and statistical analysis to investigate the relationship between crime and sociological factors. It was found that age, gender, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption were important factors related to crime. This is the theoretical aspect of this unit. Criminal theory is the study of criminal behaviour and is often known as the study of criminality or of law breaking behaviour. Some criminal theories take a psychological approach, some a biological approach other emphasise the sociological aspects of criminality and of course many emphasise all – taking a multi-disciplinary approach an approach that is often clumsily referred to as a psycho/bio/social approach. All of these orientations aim fundamentally to understand criminal behaviour – its nature, its causes, and ways of dealing with it. This will include the incidence of crime, crime in adults, youth and children, gender differences, differences in types of crime e.g. crimes relating to property and violent crime. A relatively new area of study is  referred to as ‘Victimology’ the study of the effect of crime upon those who are the victims or criminal behaviour. In the notes to follow we will discuss a nu mber of criminal theories. Basically we will try to cover the basic approaches and illustrate the differences. This will not be an exhaustive description of all criminal theory and students may wish to study other approaches not covered here. We will look at Classical Criminal Theory and is updated version known as Neoclassical Theory. We will also look at what are referred to as the more scientific approaches known collectively (and probably in the strict meaning of that term erroneously) as Positivism many of which have biological or genetic components. Other approaches have a more sociological character while others examine the phenomenon of rational choice that is a modern offshoot of the classical/neoclassical tradition. Some of the readings will give you some historical introduction to criminal theory – the introductory reading by Henry and Einstadter is useful as is the reading by Beirne. The biological perspectives is overviewed in the reading by Fishbein. Other readings examine mental illness a nd crime and female criminality. Module 2 Penal Theory and Practice This is the practical side of this unit. Here we examine strategies for dealing with criminal behaviour – this covers strategies for punishment, correction, rehabilitation and preventative strategies. All of these are controversial and are the subject of much debate. All relates to issues about what we should do about crime as a society – what to do to those who commit crime, how to prevent it. Historically and amongst different societies there have been different answers. Some form of punishment or retribution is nearly always the case but the form it takes and on what crimes it is visited varies. Punishment may take the form of social and personal deprivation (locked away from the community in an institution (a gaol are correctional institution) the infliction of pain (corporal punishment) or the death sentence (capital punishment). The choice of these options depends on what a society views as the seriousness of the crime, the level of responsibility of the person committing the crime and sometimes the gender and age of the offender – and at times the damage to the community and the victim/s. In the second module we wil also discuss the implications of imprisonment (incarceration) for certain disadvantaged groups. This will  obviously include indigenous groups (now known as Aboriginals and Torres Straight Islanders) who are very much over-represented in the criminal justice system and in jails. The special issues relating to women and children in jails will also be discussed. Also we need to look at issues of those who are incarcerated who have a mental illness, an intellectual disability and those with drug and alcohol overuse problems. The Jail environment is a microcosm of the everyday problems in the community and all the probems we see in the community are there in the jails many times exagerrated . Finally the way a society deals with crime also depends on what it considers to be the nature of the criminal personality or the nature of criminality as such. Criminals are variously seen as mentally ill (mad), evil (bad) or more recently nowadays in the popular media inexplicably intelligent and fundamentally evil (terrorism and serial killing).

Disadvantages Of Balance Scorecard Accounting Essay

Robert Kaplan and Norton came up with balance scorecard in 1990s.The balanced scorecard consists strategically oriented set of ends which are grouped into four different positions which includes fiscal, internal procedures, client, larning and growing. It is known to be a model for public presentation measuring that added strategic non-financial public presentation steps to traditional fiscal prosodies to give directors and executives a more ‘balanced ‘ position of organisational public presentation. ( Balance scorecard insititute ) The BSC is a theoretical account that integrates fiscal and non-financial strategic steps. Bing a high profile theoretical account BSC has attracted attending from practicians and faculty members. BSC relies on the scheme construct developed by Porter where he argues sing the kernel of explicating a competitory scheme lies in associating a company to the assorted competitory forces in the industry. Kaplan and Norton emphasize that non-financial strategic aims should non dwell of an random aggregation of steps but they should consist balanced representation of both fiscal and non-financial information. ( The Economist )Advantages of balanced scorecardImproved creativeness along with unannounced Ideas. It besides helps aline cardinal public presentation steps with scheme at different degrees of an administration and provides the direction a comprehensive image of the concern operations. Balanced scorecard facilitates effectual communicating and apprehension of concern ends and schemes of an administration. Transformation of scheme into action. This construct provides strategic feedback and acquisition. Reduced time-frame and improved competitory advantage Improved determination, procedures and better solutions. Enterprises are often measured and evaluated against the industry criterions. ( Balance scorecard Australia ) The empirical survey conducted by Sun blare, Granlund and Brown ( 2010 ) concluded that the balance scorecard is eligible to make a balance in multiple aims and the survey highlighted to hold balanced both in footings of procedure and results. In instance of Philips Medical Systems North American ( PMSNA ) the company used balanced scorecard in order to upturn answerability for consequences. Through the execution of world-wide scorecard system Philips has realized its important benefits and has besides succeeded in concentrating the company on diverse set of concern steps. ( SCRC articles )Disadvantages of balance scorecardIt is merely considered as a list of prosodies which does non supply bottom line mark with clear recommendations. The tonss obtained are non based on any fiscal or economic theory in other words the procedure is subjective. Critics have besides claimed that the positive feedback from the balance scorecard users may be due to the placebo consequence as there is are no ascertained surveies related to the usage of balance scorecard to improved determination devising or better fiscal public presentation of companies. Resistance towards equilibrate scorecard from employees or even higher degree directors. It is clip devouring to accommodate to equilibrate scorecard strategic system. High execution cost is involved at the initial phase. ( Vector survey )Criticisms and options of BSCMany options have emerged to equilibrate scorecard such as public presentation prism, consequences Based Management and Applied Information Economics. In 2000, the Federal CIO Council commissioned a survey to compare the two methods AIE and BSC by funding surveies in side-by-side undertakings in two different bureaus. The Dept. of Veterans Affairs used AIE and the US Dept. of Agriculture used Balanced Scorecards. The consequence in study revealed that while AIE was much more sophisticated, AIE really took somewhat less clip to use. AIE was besides more likely to bring forth findings that were newsworthy to the organisation, while the users of balance scorecard felt it merely documented their inputs and presented no other specific penetration. Neely ( 2002 ) argued that the most ambitious job of balance scorecard is that it lacks legion of import involvement groups in its construction such as providers, co-operation spouses and close neighbors. Neely besides recommends that it would be executable to utilize a public presentation prism method as a possible beginning for adding new involvement groups to the model of balance scorecard whereas Simons references that it might be reasonable to add a elaborate characteristic where specific undertaking force or a certain individual will be assigned in every administration who is straight responsible for roll uping information about external chances and menaces. Pandey ( 2005 ) after critically analyzing the balance scorecard argued that he had no uncertainty sing the public presentation betterment procedure being a critical portion of strategic planning but he raised a inquiry that whether the balance scorecard linked with the scheme leads to break public presentation and communicating as claimed by the advocates. In 2008 Othman suggested that there must be a nexus in the balance scorecard and scenario planning mentioning to the strategic planning that is robust to different external conditions and this will guarantee that balance scorecard is non merely representation of present state of affairs. Kaplan, Norton and Rugelsjeon ( 2010 ) answered to the unfavorable judgment sing the external orientation. They answered how the administrations can be saved from failures of confederation jobs and the writers claimed that the confederations can be better managed through balanced scorecard due to its strategic orientation. ( World applied science diary )DecisionMany international research studies have revealed that the balance scorecard construct is a extremely widespread tool around the universe. Despite legion success narratives at that place have been besides several unfavorable judgments and instances where the execution failed. The 2005 study conducted by Brains and company shows that 57 % of th e universe & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s houses use balanced scorecard as their public presentation direction system. A study conducted by the 2GC in 2011 the study consequences show that the primary function of the Balanced scorecard is still strategic direction. The figure of participants who view the Balanced Scorecard as a really or highly valuable direction tool consist of 75 % . From the above statistics we can reason that broad figure of administrations utilizing balance scorecard to better their organizational public presentation. ( 2GC active direction ) It can be concluded that balance scorecard is an effectual public presentation tool but the suggested betterments have to be undertaken in order to increase positive consequences. Some of the recommendations can be given in order to better the balance scorecard public presentation measuring: The focal point should be future oriented non simply consist of the past and current state of affairs prevailing in the administration. Common steps of balance scorecard should be adopted by all SBU & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s in order to guarantee uniformity in public presentation rating. Supportive civilization should be predominating in the administration in order to guarantee successful execution of balance scorecard. Balance scorecard should non merely be utilised for high public presentation but besides organizational invention and merchandise development. Responsiveness to different external state of affairss in the concern environment.

Biography of Fashion Designer Sandy Powell Essay

Biography of Fashion Designer Sandy Powell - Essay Example The essay "Biography of Fashion Designer Sandy Powell" analyzes the life of Sandy Powell. Having won three Oscars and two British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) awards and several nominations, Sandy Powell has already mastered the said craft. Apart from the ‘laurels’ that were garnered in her honor, it is her creations, which provided energy and color to the various characters that she dressed, that can be held as testaments to her love to costume designing and her excellence in such a relatively underrated field of the arts. Ever since her childhood, Miss Powell already has a strong adoration for clothes and dressing up that motivated her to learn how to sew at a very early age. Upon this infant skill, she used to create clothes for her dolls and dresses for herself. At the age of 14, her love for the craft was much reinforced when she witnessed a theater performance that showcased avante-garde costumes and flamboyant props. Since then, Miss Powell knew wha t she wanted to do professionally in the future. To achieve this dream, she acknowledged that she needed formal training; so she attended London’s Central School of Design, concentrating on Theatre Design. Halfway through the completion of the course, she left school to focus on an ‘actual training’ that entailed her own designs and creations in a fringe theater production side-by-side with a commitment with The Cholmondeleys, a London-based dance troupe. Consequently, when she met respected director, designer and author Derek Jarman., she did not realize that she was already entering the grand threshold of the cinema industry (Thompson 169). During their days back in school, choreographer Lea Anderson describes Powell as ‘fascinating and unique in her outfits.’ She further disclosed how Powell would frequently employed themes in her wardrobes, while shocking them the next day for another elaborate and distinct set of garments (Harries). Meanwhile, c elebrated theater designer and instructress Pamela Howard was once quoted to have said that there was completely nothing that she could teach Powell (Horn 11). Professional Costume Designer Miss Powell’s collaboration with Jarman, which continued for years, encompassed projects that brought the best of her creative juices: meticulously reviving period clothing and at the same time creating contemporary fashions, all on relatively low budgets. It is with this reason why critics appreciated her works that were truly exquisite yet believable. In 1986, she earned critical acclamation for her screen designs in Caravaggio, which were anchored on the painter’s life and works. The Last of England (1987), Edward II (1991) and Wittgenstein (1993) were legacies of their extended close working relationship. Her work, according to her, is always grounded on research. Before any design would proceed, she still first goes to the Internet or to library to study not only the specific c haracter that she needs to dress and the trend of clothing during the time but also the entire history of the period (Thompson 171). For her Elizabethan, Victorian and modern creations in Orlando, Powell earned her first nomination at the Academy Awards in 1993. A year after, she was at the helm of developing the costumes in the anthology film Being Human that featured different periods in history (Bronze Age to modern day) where her designs were of much significance. Since the early 90’s, Powell has been the designer of choice for director Neil Jordan’

Blogging Emerging Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Blogging Emerging Technologies - Essay Example The dynamics of Web 2.0 have been modified to reflect the true purpose of creating new avenues of communication that have never been utilized. The whole essence of Web 2.0 is to generate means of cloud computing in which collaboration and discussion is encouraged. In this particular scenario, blogs can be critical towards achieving Salford Sports Village goals. One of the critical things to implement in order to thrive in blogging is understand search optimization engine key words. In essence, search engines such as Google tend to send â€Å"spider bots† that crawl and search for key words whenever an individual types in the Google search bar. A successful blogger must understand this technique and use it to their advantage. Blogging for this specific purpose is to clearly transition from subject matter to another subject in a very transitive manner. For example, blogging should be conducted and discussing the advantages of sports and community. Using keywords such as sports, community, football, street, parks and recreation, stress reliever can tremendously help. Another huge element towards expanding this horizon is offering free services. For instance, giving a free view of upcoming programs in the community can really engage all the individuals, which can boost clicks on the webpage. The best thing Suzane can do is write something along the lines of â€Å" Today, I have realized that the parks and recreation center needs drastic improvements. I had a brilliant opportunity to visit the Glenside Public District which has transformed the dynamics of their recreation. They have implemented a senior center that has been a catalyst for healthy aging. The kids have an amazing new playground that accommodates to their needs. Moreover, creating a playground for the kids is a long-term investment because it will add value to the community. Since tax money already is allocated, hiring construction workers will also raise employment and the value of the communi ty. One of the key things to exploit is to get sponsorship from outside vendors. Suzanne must overcome the challenge of a budget and seek outside resources through blogs, videos, audio podcasts that will continue to grab attention. Blog post 2 – Write a blog post (100+ words) that embeds a relevant image and/or video combines with text that shows Suzanne Bolt how visual media can help her achieve Salford Sports Village goals, 21 November Deadline for posting for maximum marks (paste the blog post url into the Reflection section of your assignment – see page 3) The best way to advertise oneself is through youtube because of many reasons. First and foremost, Youtube allows individuals to sign up for a policy in which the user uploads videos that Youtube will compensate the user for. Moreover by clicking the subscription button, individuals are allowed to penetrate the online community because people will constantly receive updates on new videos posted. It is crucial that Suzanne continues to make videos that engage people to discuss ideas and

Water Quality in the State of Iowa Research Paper

Water Quality in the State of Iowa - Research Paper Example The quality of water that we use for domestic purposes and the one that is on the subsurface, that is, the water found on ponds, streams and other small bodies and is used for activities such as swimming or fishing has to be of proper quality. This is to ensure that it is not hazardous. Various state water departments in the United States strive to ensure that the quality of water being used within their states is high. The Iowa Water Department is an example of this. This paper will be a discussion of water quality in the state of Iowa, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages involved in this topic, together with areas where it can be utilized. The aspect of water quality focuses on household, commercial and the environmental aspect of water. In the state of Iowa, there is the Iowa Water Quality Association whose goal is to help its members provide better water treatment and protect the environment in which they are associated with (Iowa Water Quality Association, p. 1). This i s in a bid to ensure that the quality of water that people use is good and that the environment is protected. To ensure that this is done, various industries that provide water treatment services have to focus on the health needs of the people that may come into contact with the water that they have treated (Iowa Water Quality Association, p. 1). ... Variety is provided due to different consumers’ needs (Iowa Water Quality Association, p. 1). Septic systems are also regulated. There may be occasions where the piping system for water meant for domestic use lies hand in hand with the one for the septic system. Therefore, there are strict guidelines to ensure that contamination does not occur to water that is meant for domestic use in case of any leakages in the septic systems (Iowa Water Quality Association, p. 1). This is to ensure that the water being used for domestic purposes is pure and of good quality. To ensure that all aspects of water quality are enhanced, the department of natural bodies is in place. This looks after the wellbeing of the natural occurring water bodies. These include streams that are sometimes used for boat riding by individuals and ponds that are used for fishing. Since this area are widely visited by families enjoying their free time, it is necessary that the quality of water that is there is good (Iowa Department of Natural Resources, p. 1). Therefore, this department visits such bodies often to ensure that there are no any harmful pathogens. There is the possibility that some industrial waste is released to streams, this could be harmful to the animals that stay in water as well as to the various plants that form the water body biodiversity. These wetlands are inspected regularly to ensure that they are safe. Despite the fact that the quality of water within the state of Iowa is generally good, there is still some form of threat. Small portions of water in the state of Iowa have serious pollution problems (Dillard, p. 1). This mostly emanates from industrial wastes. However, the state tries to ensure that such cases are

Seminar on Marketing Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seminar on Marketing - Personal Statement Example Again, the key is on strategic planning and execution of the plan. Marketers should be able to draw a specific image of their products or service offerings and be able to implement them efficiently. For a typical customer like me, it never occurred to me that marketers are designing each touch point in order to create the brand image that they desire. Yes, I have had spent countless hours chatting and socializing with colleagues at Starbucks but never really understood how the specialty coffee retailer orchestrate everything in order for me to enjoy my stay and differentiate itself from another coffee house like Dunkin Donuts. Through the concepts and tools I have learned in class, I am now able to grasp while Starbucks invest in "green coffee beans," why the place really looks laid back, why they don't offer quick meals, and most importantly why their products are priced at least $3 while I can get coffee from McDonalds are less than 50 cents. Marketing has opened a new road to discovery and understanding for a consumer like me. I hope to utilize everything that I have learned from the seminar discussions in my future career.

MGT422 Answer Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT422 Answer Questions - Assignment Example Also the release of prisoner number 8612 after he was deemed to have crazed, shows the stressful life of inmates and depression levels. Considering this was just an experiment and he was to be released after one and half days, the critically one can tell the level or amount of agony in the long run. First, stripping by prisoners, which is mostly by force or without the prisoner’s consent or option, is degrading and a violation to that extent. Despite the fact that the prisoner is on the wrong side of the law, stripping may cause untold trauma as everyone deserves privacy and psychologically this may bring other issues like strong revolt and defiance by the prisoner, all in violation of freedom or rights at the start. Delousing and shaving of the heads of the prisoners, as it is put by the guards or from the societal conception, inflicts much internal suffering to the prisoner or the military as they are viewed as dirty, and from the prisoner’s point of view, psychologic ally creates fear as he/she tries to figure out the place he is about to be incubated. Push-ups were aversive forms of punishment at first but this changed with time which shows the adaptation character of humans to a life without a choice. That is, at first they were punishment but since the prisoners did not have a choice, and violation or redress was followed by tougher punishments, they were forced to adapt to the push-up as they were done by everyone and doing them, averted one from extra punishments. Personally, if I were a prisoner, life could have been worse for me especially on the issue of confinement and minimal sensory stimulation. I would be stressed and disoriented and I think I could be the first prisoner to be released of crazing. Personally, I would have rejected the offers to show the prisoner solidarity since from the slides we see some prisoner taking long to adapt to the prison life, justified by the fact that we are not the same, and by rejecting the offers, I will save the â€Å"slow adapters† agony of further torture since the guards will perceive them as notorious or showing some revolt. Misperception of the guards being â€Å"bigger† than the prisoners is always there but here we are dealing with two different cases, the first of prisoners without rights and freedoms and that of the guards who had power and authority to even to torture them. The misperception is always based on the power, privileges and authority involved as body size may not necessarily matter. Their behavior was more controlled and channeled to an intended goal of finishing the study unlike on the case of civilian and police encounters. For instance, in the latter, the civilians show much revolt during arrest as they are not aware on the kind of suffering and conditions of these cubicles and also the fact that they don’t know how long they can take in there after conviction, tends to necessitate revolt from the start. To minimize bias in the stu dy, the choice of variables should be independent and non-discriminatory in that our case where the principle investigator assumed the role of a superintendent, he could control the simulation of the study to meet his personal expectations and also the choice of students as prisoners and guards, would affect the authenticity and independence of simulation as the relationships were more friendly

War on Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

War on Terrorism - Research Paper Example The invasion of Afghanistan is seen as the first action of this war, and initially involved forces from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Afghani Northern Alliance. Since the initial invasion period, these forces have been augmented by troops from Germany, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In 2005-2006, Canadian forces there will be increased to over 2000 troops. Canada also supported coalition efforts in Operation Archer, Operation Apollo, Operation Altair, and Operation Athena as part of the ongoing support for Operation Enduring Freedom. The Canadian government, however, does not recognize Iraq as part of the informal network of support for the attacks of 9/11 and as such, has declined to send Forces to that theatre of operations, although scores of them are on assignment to US Forces - mostly assisting in AWACS operations. (Richard Miniter. October 2005) Support for the United States cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. The United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, South Korea, Poland, and Australia joined the "coalition of the willing", unconditionally supporting U.S.-led military action. Other countries, including Canada, Germany, France, Pakistan, and New Zealand opposed military action and blocked American attempts to pass a UN resolution explicitly backing military action. Countries that did not participate in the invasion but who have made themselves parts of the reconstruction and peacekeeping efforts include Ukraine, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Romania. Many of the 'Coalition of the willing' countries also have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Support for the "War on Terrorism": Supporters assert that democracy in traditionally authoritarian countries has a transformative power that will add to peace and stability. Supporters downplay civilian casualties by arguing that many who live near terrorist cells are likely to support them materially, although this would imply that western tax-payers should be considered legitimate targets by those opposing western military action. Some argue that war could act as a deterrent against terrorists, demonstrating to potential recruits that they would face certain retribution. This argument may hold less water in reference to suicide terrorism, or when terrorists expect to become martyrs, but can be argued to deter such attacks by weakening the logistical base which provides martyrs with explosives and points them toward effective targets. (Gary C. Schroen. May 2005) Some analysts argue that democracy in the Middle East will elevate Islamists, including radicals, who will use democratic institutions to gain power but then implement their autocratic agenda. Democracy can also lead to instability. In short, things may get worse before they get better, which may be bad news for the US. Many however believe that in the long run increased democratic governance or the break up of static autocracies will lead to a better outcome than the status quo even if the emerging governments initially oppose U.S. policies. Some furthermore argue that any type of somewhat democratic government would find more common ground with the U.S. than the existing ones even if rapprochement was gradual and difficult.

Learners' perceptions about listening comprehension problems, Dissertation

Learners' perceptions about listening comprehension problems, strategies and teachers' solutions to improve students' list - Dissertation Example Additionally, the study establishes that learners encounter a range of listening problems, which can be overcome through various techniques that help learners to utilize effective strategies in confronting them; nevertheless, this literature observes that learners’ perceptions of their listening problems may or may not be valid because several factors may interact to influence their perceptions. This literature makes a clear distinction between listening and comprehension processes with the former requiring no interpretation or reaction to the text while the latter requires the meaningful interactive activity to facilitate understanding of the text. In the context of this research, listening comprehension refers to the manner in which listeners discriminate and construe meaning from information that they receive through their auditory and visual clues to make sense of the communication process. This perspective of listening comprehension is in line with the Second language app roach, according to which listening to verbal language is both a vigorous and intricate process, requiring learners to pay particular attention to selected areas of audio, to make meaning, as well as relate what they hear to their mind frames. Hamouda (2012) argues that, despite its profound significance in foreign language learning, listening has long been ignored in foreign language acquisition, research, teaching, and assessment especially given the little focus on listening problems encountered by L2/F1 learners in listening to spoken English. This literature reports findings from a study that investigates the listening problems experienced by a group of first year English Major Students of Qassim University, which include accent, pronunciation, speed of speech, insufficient vocabulary, different accents of the speakers, poor concentration, anxiety, and bad quality of recording. Knowing the various difficulties learners encounter in listening comprehension is paramount in EFL te aching because it enables EFL teachers to guide learners in developing effective learning strategies that will eventually enhance their English listening competence. Listening plays a very significant role in communication because it enables listeners to take in new ideas and information from discourses; listening takes a lion’s share of the total time spent on communication and it is central to students’ educational development because it is the most frequently used language skill in the classroom. EFL learners have major problems in English listening comprehension because educators overemphasize English grammar, reading, and vocabulary competence areas at the expense of listening skills in EFL teaching courses. This literature suggests that adapting and improving listening materials, and improving teachers' classroom techniques on the part of the teachers, in addition to, improving English proficiency, and improving listening strategies on the side of the students ca n help alleviate the various listening comprehension problems. Graham (2006) explores the perceptions of English students between the age of 16 to18 concerning listening comprehension in French; in addition to that, this literature also examines the students’ viewpoints on the influences that result to either success or failure in listening comprehension assignments. According to this study, a substantial proportion of students in the higher levels of education rate their competence in

Case Study See Attachment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See Attachment - Case Study Example estos residue in pores and cracks, whether TEG was required to follow the contract specifications rather than its work plan, and whether TEG was entitled to compensation for removing what it alleged were excessive quantities of asbestos. The concept of breach of contract was the vital issue associated with these issues. Court’s Rationale or Reasoning for its Decision: The court adheres to the presumption that any ‘debris and residues’ contains asbestos. The court also made the case clear by going back to the basic law concerning contract, and its interpretation. Key Facts: There was presence of contract between the two parties involved in the case. There was a Board’s decision made. For this matter at hand, the cross-motions for summary judgment on the contractor’s appeal from the Board’s decision were thereafter filed in the United States Court of Claims. Legal Issue(s) Presented before Court: There were three essential issues raised in this case, which include the power outage claim, the claim for delays in obtaining access to the apartments, and the contractor’s right to recover damages. Holding of the Court: The Board’s decision involving the power outage of August 18, 1978 was affirmed. Access claim however, was reversed and both motions for summary judgment were denied, allowing the case to be remanded to the

Hopeless Free

Hopeless Free Will Essay The question of what it means to be human has been asked by not only famous philosophers of old, but by anyone who struggles to define what it means. Ishiguro conveys this very same question in his novel Never Let Me Go. Ishiguro demonstrates that in spite of the shared physical qualities of humans, the students undeniably have lives unprotected of human virtues like free will and a hope for change. Regardless of their forfeited human virtues and the questions of morality surrounding their existence, the students are designed for a specific purpose, to be organ donors. To be human, most would suggest one must possess a mind, heart and will. The mind of humans allow for rational thoughts, not instincts like animals. The heart allows a human to feel the consciousness of the human experience, unlike a robot or other forms of artificial intelligence. The will endows a human to make decisions or choices that have either constructive or adverse consequences. In this capacity for action, one can select â€Å"this† over â€Å"that† and â€Å"those† instead of â€Å"these†. Unfortunately, the students have no free will to choose â€Å"this† over â€Å"that† and â€Å"those† over â€Å"these† in regards to their lives and how to live it, despite possessing the human characteristics of a mind, heart and will. Their destinies were chosen for them long before air filled their human lungs. It is a life well-ordered with a specific purpose independent of their will or wishes. The inherent freedom of choice most humans have was never fully given to the students, except to choose a sex partner. Their willingness to accept, without question, the rules surrounding their lives starts at Hailsham and continues throughout the novel. For example, while at Hailsham they are told by the guardians not to leave school grounds and to stay healthy, they do not know why and never questions anyone as to why. Leona Toker and Daniel Chertoff write, â€Å"Indeed, they appear to be incapable of thinking outside of the system in general; they do not ask the basic eschatological questions typical of adolescents† (166). Ishiguro clearly demonstrates how fate is the dominant force in the lives of the students, and a life void of free will is their destiny when Miss Emily states, â€Å"your life must now run the course that’s been set for it† (Ishiguro 266). To be human means one is capable to hope and dream, to adjust and change, to love and learn. Hope promotes the belief in a good outcome related to events and circumstances in ones life. The students have the abilities to do these things but without any benefit or reward. Their sense of hope comes from falsehoods and misbeliefs. This misguided hope encourages Ruth to seek out information about Madame in hopes that Kathy and Tommy would receive a deferral. The illusive hope of the make-believe deferral program is what drives Tommy to begin drawing again, and motivates Kathy and Tommy to visit Madame. In spite of the unrewarding efforts of the students, their ability to hope is a fundamental response genetically programmed in humans. Tail Sharot writes, â€Å"A growing body of scientific evidence points to the conclusion that optimism (hope) may be hardwired by evolution into the human brain† (1). The students like all humans hope for change in their lives. Regrettably, their hopes would never get an opportunity to become reality, because the overseers of their lives never consider them human. Miss Emily emphasizes this point with the declaration, â€Å"So for a long time you were kept in the shadows, and people did their best not to think about you. And if they did, they tried to convince themselves you weren’t really like us. That you were less than human† (Ishiguro 263). Beyond the dystopian story of Never Let Me Go, a fundamental theme is apparent: free will and the certainties of hopes are absent in lives of the students. As humans our decisions are independent of nature and nurture than any animals; we are aware of our ability to think, to choose and to hope and dream. The students possesses all attributes that makes one humans except for the confidence of having a choice or hope for a future free of being considered â€Å"poor creatures†. Works Cited Ishiguro, Kazuo. Never Let Me Go. New York: Vintage Books, 2005. Print. Leona Toker, Daniel Chertoff. Reader Respone and the Recycling of Topoi in Kazua Ishiguros Never Let Me Go. Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas 6. 1 (2008): 163-180. Sharot, Tali. The Optimisim Bias. Time 28 May 2011: 28. Print.

Domestic Abuse Case Study

Domestic Abuse Case Study Abuse can be defined as to treat wrongfully or harmfully. There are different categories of abuse that have been recognized and within our case study there appears to be two distinct forms of abuse, domestic abuse and child abuse. These can be sub divided into terms of physical abuse, emotional /psychological abuse, and non-organic failure to thrive. Physical abuse is the intentional inflicting of physical injury or harm or deliberately not preventing harm occurring. The minimum physical signs seen in our study to both Mrs Black and James are bruising with suspect excuses for their appearance. Emotional abuse is the continual failure to meet basic emotional needs. Emotional development is stunted and well- being impaired. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioural sign to abuse taking place to James is his aggressive behaviour. The short term effects of physical abuse to James are bruising and pain. In the long term recurring injuries can result in secondary illness and complications, permanent scarring and disfigurement. His emotional effects in the short term are a fear of adults or others, withdrawal, poor relationship with his peers. The long term emotional effects for James could be low self esteem, depression, inability to form relationships. Abuse can arise for many reasons and there are a number of theoretical perspectives which may be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The Feminist perspective believes that gender and family roles gives approval to a culture of abuse. Consider the historical and stereotypical ideas of the family, with men, women and children having definite roles. With the men having power and control in the perspective of abuse. In James case he lives in a reconstituted family with the father figure being dominant and a heavy drinker. From a psychological perspective, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which may increase aggression in the person and so James is more at risk from abuse by his step father. The family dysfunction theory suggests that the family is not functioning due to family dynamics. The dysfunctioning family attempts to find alternative ways of coping. The relationship between the mother and James, involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James mothers life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to cope and manage the situation within the relationship. The attachment theory state that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can have an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social difficulties in later life. With the loss of both his father and his sisters` father with whom he was close, may have contributed to his deterioration of his behaviour If a client begins to make a disclosure of abuse it is important to ensure privacy and confidentiality. It is necessary to show that listening skills are employed and that I remain calm and receptive. I must listen without interruption and make it clear that I am taking their disclosure seriously. I must only ask questions of clarification if I am unclear as to what the vulnerable adult is saying. It is important that I acknowledge their courage in coming forward and tell them that they are not responsible for the abuse. I must let it be known to them what I will do to help them and where possible get their consent to inform my line manager. I must speak to my client in comfortable and quiet surroundings. I would ask my client to sit down where I shall use SOLER techniques to aid in communication. Using the SOLER theory I would use the five basic components used in communication. I would sit squarely on at the table turned towards one another. I would adopt an open posture. I would s it so that we have regular but varied eye contact and that my client could see my facial expressions and gestures to aid in communication. This would also let him know that I am involved in the situation. I would lean forward slightly to convey to him that I am interested and committed to actively listen to him. This adhered to our organizations policy on Confidentiality and the Data Protection Act of 1998 allowing my client to voice his concerns without worry and protected his privacy. I would inform him that they are not responsible for the abuse. I must let it be known to him what I will do to help him and where possible get his consent to inform my line manager. It is important that I make an immediate record of what the vulnerable adult has said, using only their own words. This should be recorded in the Incident Book, clearly, accurately and legibly, and then reported to the Line Manager who is responsible for any further action. As we do not supply a care service, we are not required to register with the Care Commission, but we ensure all our policies and procedures meet their standards. As all clients under these standards are legally allowed an individualized care plan, we instead have an activity plan. The policy and procedures on abuse of our organisation are underpinned by the National Care Standards which were set up under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001. This Act came about to regulate the care and social work force and set out the principals of good care practice. The Care Commission was set up under this Act to register, regulate and inspect all care services listed in the Act. It also established The Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC). (ref1)The SSSC has aims and objectives to protect the service users, raise standards, strengthen and support workforce professionalism. An example of the code of practice on abuse, of the SSSC is `to protect the rights and promote the interests of the service users and carers. Strive to establish and maintain trust and confidence of service users and carers. Promote the independence of service users while protecting them as far as possible from danger or harm. Respect the rights of service users and ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or others.` The policy for protecting vulnerable people within our organisation is achieved through the careful selection, screening, training and supervision of staff and volunteers. Under The Protection of Vulnerable Groups (Scotland) Act 2007 a code of good practice for vulnerable adults within our organisation has been developed which expects staff or volunteers suspecting or have had abuse disclosed must immediately report the concerns to their line manager and write up an incident report. The line manager will discuss the concerns with the person reporting the abuse; she will clarify the concerns and obtain all known relevant information. This will then be forwarded to the ap propriate local Social Work Department stating that it concerns vulnerable adult protection. In the absence of a line manager the concerns should be reported directly to the local Social work department and then inform the line manager as soon as possible. The social work department after investigation may have to inform the police to investigate further.(ref2) the primary role of Registered Social Workers is the protection and promotion of the welfare of children, vulnerable adults and the promotion of the welfare of communities in accordance with the Scottish Social Services Councils Code of Practice for Social Service Workers. (ref3)The social work department will work with the police to carry out joint enquires if necessary and organise case reviews and protection conferences. The police will keep safe from harm the individual who has been subjected to abuse and may call for a medical examination. They will examine and collect evidence, interview suspects, identify offenders and arrange cases for prosecution. The GP or hospital Doctor maybe involved giving medical evidence of abuse and treating the individual. Under our code of good practice in preventing abuse it is important that I avoid unobserved situations of one -to-one contact with a vulnerable adult. I must never invite a vulnerable adult to my home; I must never offer to take a vulnerable adult alone in my own vehicle, if it is necessary to do things of a personal nature e.g. toileting, I must have the consent and knowledge of the carers and my line manager, before doing any of the above. I must not engage or allow any sexually provocative games involving or observed by vulnerable adults. I must never make or allow suggestive remarks or discrimatory comments to be made to a vulnerable adult. I must not engage in or tolerate bullying, or inappropriate physical behaviour. I must respect all vulnerable adults regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, disability or sexual identity. I must avoid favouritism and singling out troublemakers. I must never trivialise abuse and never let allegations of abuse go unreported, including any made aga inst myself. The policy and procedures of our organisation adhere to the Protection of Vulnerable Groups Act (Scotland) 2007 by ensuring as a way of vetting and barring every volunteer and employee has undergone a Disclosure which shows any convictions. If any convictions suggest that abuse of our clients is a possibility then they would not be allowed to volunteer or be employed. Sources of support for workers in the field of preventing abuse can be provided by statutory, voluntary, and private or independent organisations. Statutory services have a distinct concern laid down by legislation e.g. social services and NHS. The voluntary sector is run on a non profit making basis and have arisen through a recognised need and reflect society`s feelings. E.g. Advocacy, Mencap. Private organisations make a profit but I am not aware of any private local organisation that supports vulnerable adults suffering abuse. Support can consist of Casework, by working on a one to one basis, by counselling again one to one, and by group work bring people together with shared issues to resolve problems together. (Ref4) Cultural values play a part in defining what is considered abusive conduct .What we in the UK consider abuse may not be considered abuse in another culture. For example, domestic abuse has only recently become abhorrent in the UK. As up until the 1970s/80s, domestic abuse was considered a marital problem and to be accepted, but today we have little tolerance for domestic abuse. But, today, ethnic minority women still run the risk of long periods of abuse and find it difficult to report, families expect women to put up with it, as ethnic women are considered their husbands property. Honour killings` are not unknown amongst ethnic minorities using religious text as justification. (Ref5)Female circumcision is another culturally accepted form of abuse, still practised in 28 countries in Africa. It is seen to control female sexuality and sex outside marriage. This is done to girls age range from 4 to 12. It usually takes place in un- hygienic conditions with potentially fatal conse quences. Sometimes, workers may have trouble accepting the motives of people who are involved in abuse. There may be the need to ask why and how can they have abused? Where they just bad or mad? Perhaps the workers values and beliefs make working with an abuser distasteful. However, a professional approach to working with an abuser must be taken. For those who work with abusers there is a need to understand why people abuse. Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the result of mental health problems, empathy deficit, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control, some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot stop themselves. When working with individuals who have abused it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and as well as trying to treat the underlying cause for abuse their is a need to protect the community from the abuser. So, the use of risk assessments are important to keep safe when working with an abuser. ( Ref7) It is important to be able to understand probable risks and take appropriate action to reduce them. Effective communication and personal skills are useful to understand and reduce potential conflicts. Reflection on my own values and how they may affect my practice and awareness and understanding of the abusers cultural values and background is required to ensure awareness and intervention is e mployed when required. References. SSSC. (2009). Codes of Practice. Available: http://www.arcuk.org.uk/silo/files/791.pdf. Last accessed 09/02/2010. Stephen Smellie. (2005). Role of the Social Worker: Protection of Title. Available: http://www.unison-scotland.org.uk/response/swrole2.html. Last accessed 09/02/2010 Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Protection including safeguarding and management of risk.. In: HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 229. Mary Barnish. (2004). Domestic Violence: A Literature Review. Available: http://www.domestic-violence-and-abuse.co.uk/information/Cultural-Differences-in-the-UK.php. Last accessed 13/02/2010. Frances A. Althaus . (1997). Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage or Violation of Rights? Available: http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2313097.html. Last accessed 13/02/2010. Kathryn Patricelli. (2005). Why do people abuse?. Available: http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=8482. Last accessed 13/02/2010. Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Issues involved in protection from abuse. In: HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 217.

The Formation Of The Pakistan Army History Essay

The Formation Of The Pakistan Army History Essay Pakistan came into being on 14 Aug 1947 as one country comprised mainly of contagious Muslim areas. Today even after more than sixty years down the line the country is struggling to become a nation. Pakistans army has had the distinction of holding of reigns of the country for more than thirty-eight years. Martial law regimes have come up in Pakistan in spite of democratically elected governments, the Army continued to exercise control even when civilians were titular rulers of Pakistan. There are many possible questions as to why the Pakistan army is so different then the Indian Army although both the armies share a similarity in cultural heritage and an inherited legacy of political neutrality from the British. . How and under what circumstances did Pakistan Army gained such colossal proportion of importance in the social fabric of Pakistan so as to be the major factor in deciding the policies, relations and thus the destiny of Pakistan in the new world order. Army in Pakistan gained importance which continued to grow steadily, maybe after the first instance of employment of Army for internal security problem on 06 mar 1953,the place was Lahore. The situation was brought under control within two days. The soldiers were withdrawn on 14 May and two days later Dawn newspaper commented that Memories of the Army rule in Lahore will linger for a long time to come and a new look that Lahore has acquired and the sense of discipline among its people inculcated by the Army will bear eloquent testimony to the good work done by Maj Gen Azam Khan and his men. This probably was the building block through which Pakistan Army got itself entrenched to seats of power in future. Many scholars have also raised the question of the age old problem of humankind that is economics driving the force behind the Pakistan Army being reluctant to give away its stake in power.The initial patriotism changed to self sustenance and then to safeguard the vital economic interests of the army. Over the years we have seen that Pakistan has been able to force the world opinion and aid towards itself as per Dr Philip Colhn pakistan is a nation which puts barrel a pistol on its head and demands aid,help otherwise it would shoot itself. This argument merits considerstion as due to its unique geopolitical position it has become a major player and a strategic partner for the sole superpower USA in the fight against terror. The crux of the problem are the bribes the Pakistani military establishment openly seeks from the international community for any move on its part whether it is to help rein in Taliban or severe its institutional support to India directed terror groups. Another point which drives the behavior of Pakistan is that it has to live with the fact that it lacks strategic depth and so it has raised its stakes in Afghanistan which it considers its strategic depth and the militant outfits operating with the blessings of Pakistan Army,more in particular of ISI are also considered as strategic partners which would come to play when the need arises. METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem The Pak Army traditionally preoccupied itself with political, social, economic security concerns of the nation. It started with Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan ( 17 Jan 1951 Apr 1969) since then there has been many instances when power was bestowed on civil regimes but due to their corruption and mis governance people of Pakistan turned back to their Army leadership for solace. The role of the Pakistan army in politics, is contributing to dissonance with India. Hypothesis The army has been supreme power centre and has played its role in all the major time lines in the history of the nation irrespective of the global and geo strategic positions prevailing at that time. The foreign policies and political issues are dictated to a certain extent by the GHQ. This role of Pakistan army in politics, especially in the present sub-continental context, is the major cause of dissonance with India. Justification of the Study The Pakistan Army has been able to influence the political, social and religious aspirations of the people of Pakistan. In doing so it has been able to justify its involvement in almost all spheres of the governance .As a powerful organization ,it has been able to present a picture to the population that in the present scenario it is the only organization in Pakistan which can safeguard the nations integrity and security from the biggest enemy, India. This study proposes to see the correlation between the Army and the governance and power structure of Pakistan further if its this mindset is the root cause of dissonance with India. Scope The study will deal with the historical backdrop and the symbiotic relationship which has emerged between civil and military relations in Pakistan. The role played by army in politics and its subsequent effect on relations with India. The study will cover the military regimes in brief along with the three wars and the proxy war in Kashmir resulting in fomenting trouble against India . Method of Data Collection The means and sources of gathering information , which would assisted in completing this paper are appended below:- guest speakers . Articles of significance in Indian and Pakistani newspapers. Periodicals and Journals. Books written by various writers in the subject. A bibliography of the above means and sources is appended at the end of the text. Organisation of the Dissertation In the course of the dissertation, the subject is proposed to be analysed in the following parts: (a) Chapter II. Historical Perspective of Pak Army Ideology. (b) Chapter III. Pak Failed Democracy or State (c) Chapter IV. Wars with India, their impact on policy formulation.. (d) Chapter V. Civil Military Relations and their dynamics. (e) Chapter VI. Influence Of Pak Army On Relations With India. (f) Conclusion. (g) Bibliography CHAPTER II HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PAKISTAN ARMY IDEOLOGY As we look into the events that unfolded after 14 Aug 1947we would come to the conclusion that very few nations come into existence as India and Pakistan came into being. The partition of British india into two independent nations of India and Pakistan has a long and sorrow saga of violence, mistrust, betrayal and a sense of unfullfillment Of the objectives for which this division was sought by their political leaders. The initial problems have continued till date and there is little hope for a peaceful, permanent solution.The problems which have become a more or less a permanent feature in relations between the two countries are (a) The territorial claims of J K (b) Disproportionate arms acquisition as seen by each other. (c) Nuclear Status. (d) Partition of undivided India. The partition of British India also included division of the Army between India and Pakistan.The war department was split on 19 July 1947 and many units began moving components to the destinations on either side of the border. The task was not an easy one as the numbers were large the British Indian Army was 400,000 strong.It was decided that Indian Army would get 2,60,000 with balance allotted to Pakistan. Out of the twenty nine infantry regiments Pakistan received eight a similar ratio of division took place in other fighting arms. The transformation was not easy and in most of the cases it ended in sorrow while in some cases it ended in slaughter although it was not of a soldier killing a fellow soldier. Creation of a new stste did not have an auspicious beginning. It is not surprising that the distrust engendered by mass slaughter has continued to linger on even today. Another reason for the distrust formulated in the psyche of the Pakistan was the fact that in the middle of chaos and terror the newborn armies had a tough and challenging task of creating a balanced fighting forces.India got a large proportion of base installation as most of the stores, depots were located within India.It had been worked out that 170,000 tons of equipment and stores were to be dispatched to Pakistan in 300 train loads actually Pakistan only received three railway wagon loads from India containing obsolete or useless items such as prophylactics left over from early treatment centers set up during the Second World War in Burma as recalled by General Gul Hassan . This denial of equipment to Pakistan contributed to the rapid souring of relations. The territories were to be distributed by two commissions chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, an eminent jurist who lacked knowledge about the subcontinent. Mountbatten the then Viceroy of British India is supposedly to have used all his charm to persuade the rulers of approximate 500 independent Princely States to accede to India rather than to Pakistan. He succeeded but with three exceptions of Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir.The Nawab of Junagarh immediately after partition declared accession to Pakistan it was within Indian territory so it accession was not practicable ,as it had only 20 percent muslim population its accession was not logical either. Hyderabad was also a similar problem as 86 per cent of its population was hindu but Kashmir was a muslim dominated state with a hindu ruler who wanted to be independent. Thus amidst this chaos India did military action in Junagarh after its Nawab fled to Pakistan .The Nizam of Hyderabad Osman Ali had not decided to opt for either of the countries the and there was a standstill which lasted till 13 september 1947 when Indian troops took over the state. Thus,in two of the desputed territories there had been solutions one in Junagarh involved plebiscite favouring India and other at Hyderabad involving military action .The problem of Kashmir was similar but was not solved and has led to was and tension between two countries since then. The actions by India in Junagarh, Hyderabad and the Kashmir dispute had a very negative effect in the general psyche of Pakistan towards India who now came to be seen as a nation which could use force to re-unite the subcontinent. This fear was the initial trigger in formulation of policies within Pakistan and was instrumental in deciding its international policies and relations .We can argue that these notions were not correct and an extension of imagination by Pakistan but it should be remembered that when it was critical for Pakistan to stabilize its internal situation India ,although was also doing the same inside its territories ,was insensitive and committed actions without taking Pakistan into confidence thus augmented Pakistans fears against India. In view of the above arguments it is clear that the problems and the inadvertent actions by India to solve then coupled with the scars of a bloody partition made Pakistan security conscious and its leaders were of the opinion that with a large neighbour who doe not hesitate to use force Pakistans territorial integrity was at a risk. This formulated the foundation of Pakistan policies to be formulated and followed. The policy of leaders, whether civil or military, was to strengthen defense of Pakistan at all conditions and cost. The chaos and internal problems made the political elected representatives dependent on the bureaucracy to run the administration and on the army to safeguard territorial integrity of the nation and maintain law and order . The army should only be called for maintenance of law and order duties only in exceptional cases but in Pakistan it became a regular feature and paved the way for future role which the Army had to play. Although Indian and Pakistani armies had a common origin in the old British Indian Army their employment and conduct differed drastically some differences are :- (a) Pakistan Army has been ruling the nation for more than 32 years since it attained independence and so it has acquired great influence and powers within the politics and society. (b) The Pakistan army was created from scratch and it led to a mixed legacy of pride and bitterness at having to create a virtually new army in the face of active Indian hostility. (c) The basis of creaton of Pakistan was to created as an Islamic state, so its army had to adapt to Islamic principles and practices and used it to build upon its strength. (d) After partition the responsibility of the defence of the North West Frontier Provinces was that of Pakistan , changing its entire strategic outlook. The unique feature of composition of Pakistan Army is that it is dominated by Punjabi Muslims. The Pakistan army had something like 60 percent Punjabi Muslims and the next bigger chunk from the North West Frontier Province. Thus, the army came to be dominated by the Punjabi-Pathan, psyche and culture of defiance, unwillingness to accept defeat, and not accepting responsibility for it by transferring it to someone else, further an urge to dominate, certain recklessness and a deep desire for revenge. As has already been mentioned that Punjabi Muslim officers formed the majority of the Offr cadre and thus acquired a influential position in the newly formed state of Pakistan: they stressed that the intrinsic worth of Pakistan was the Islamic character of Pakistan this was in turn to be reflected in the Islamic character of the military. They propagated , the history of Pakistan had its origin to Muslim dominance in South Asia and Pakistanis were natural conquerors of the region as their purer religion was an asset and their aggressive character. These beliefs led to the belief of the supremacy of Pakistani martial classes over Hindu India. Since its inception the military rulers have had a great say in formulating policies ,laws which shaped Pakistans destiny. The Army is dominated by Punjabis which come from affluent land lord ,industrial class ,these classes traditionally have been the ruling elite thus the Army officers belonging to these regards military ascendancy of politics not only as a right but as a duty as well. The degree to which military represent interests of others is a debatable issue further , the army has steadily extended its field to include protection of the national ideology, as per its own interpretation . Under Zia ideology of Pakistan being a Muslim state changed, in due course of time, to an Islamic polity and now it has further changed to Pakistan being a nation of enlightened moderation. General Zias Islamisation campaign affected both Pakistani society and the Army Zia tried to build a more puritanical and devout Army and allowed some religious groups like Tabligh e Jamat .to become acti ve in the Army.He was also the first Army Chief to attend the annual conventions of this group.Zia religion to be integrated in the syllabus of the staff college and encouraged the study of Islams teachings regarding the conduct of war. The unquestionable military professionalism of the Pakistan army is resultant of the fighting traditions and natural instincts of people of North-West India. The problem of Pakistan Army is that it has a constricted base of its recruitment, and a far larger role is played by tribal and clan factor which tend to deal with proficient matters in a similar manner which on a hindsight is constricted ethnic viewpoint. This clan background increases the stress to prove that one is more courageous and aggressive than the other, with little consideration to the cost of such action an institute like would have to pay and an example of such foolhardiness in Pakistan Army can be that of the Kargil misadventure undertaken by it on such considerations. The Pakistan army guards their integrity , protects their position in the society, and wants to protect a foundation or an idea since the day Pakistan was created. Further it has been dynamic in establishment of internal law and order. Furthermore, it has forever regarded itself as the special expression of the idea of Pakistan, and a few officers have advocated an activist role in reforming the society where it has fallen below the standard of excellence set by the military. The professionalism of the Pakistan army has been strongly influenced by the philosophy of Pakistan. During 1980s the army began to assume the role of the only defender of the countrys ideological frontiers. This resulted in change in the social culture of the army, and its officer corps. The Pak army officer corps influences the defense policy as well as politics of Pakistan. The military has maintained its supremacy in politics has been successfully projecting itself as saviours of the state, it has laid claim of the sole agency capable of promoting and safeguarding national integration and prevailing only when it becomes necessary to prevent collapse. Post independence, the Pakistan army identified and stressed that Islam was a unifying force. There are regular attempts by military think tanks to decrease the degree of influence of British Indian army patterns and the need to alter as per Islamic principles. A Lieutenant General involved with training in the army states , Islam is a religion in which certain amount of regimentation is germane. You have a system, a core, so basically therefore, for a Muslim, as I see it; he gets a certain orientation, a certain organisation and a certain discipline. General Zia tried to change the ethos of the army, making Islamic custom and teachings part of the armys day-to-day activities. He changed the motto of the army from Jinnahs Unity, Faith and Discipline to Iman, Taqwa, Jihad fi Sabeelillah (Faith, Obedience of God and Struggle in the Path of Allah) and even allowed members of the fundamentalist Tableeghi Jamaat to preach at the PMA. Many Muslim officers had to choose between India and Pakistan during partition and a fairly large number chose this option. Most probably they thought that they would have more opportunities in an Islamic state vis a vis a secular democracy having a Hindu majority. The occurrence of partition established the worst doubt of these officers. It taught Pakistani officers one basic rule: trust no one in a situation of a Hindu or Sikh vs. Muslim and take nothing for granted, except when you have the force to defend yourself. This suspicion (but not fear) of communal enemies was imprinted on the psyches of almost all officers in the new Pakistan army. Later the distribution of military stores and non receipt of the promised stores from India, Indian actions in Kashmir,Junagarh and Hyderabad, made Pakistan officers formulate a sense of distrust and perception- real or imagined that India was dishonest in its dealings especially when it come to Pakistan are part of the inheritance of the present-day Pakistan army. Pakistani officers of subsequent generations believe in this mistrust of India as a primary postulation, which is as true as the formulation of their country and it would take a herculean effort of both sides to completely erase this belief from the subconscious mind. . Pakistan Army is perceived to be a highly motivated and a disciplined organisation. The people have conventionally shown great admiration, even high regard, for its officers and soldiers, who have time and again performed when the time of reckoning, come. On the other hand the military leadership has frequently let the military and the country down. Slowly, respect, has been replaced by a feeling of fear and hatred and has generated dialogue on the army and its role in the countrys polity. During the Zia regime in the late 1980s, people were so fed up with the uniform and its interference in daily life that many Army officers desisted going in public places in uniform . During 1990s, hatred of the military was due to the fact that the army was seen encroaching into the commercial life of the cities and even agriculture.Even during the time Musharraf was in power People minced no words when it came to criticizing the military but they taked within the four walls of their houses.They adjusted to the military rule which it seems to have become habit of sorts.

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) :: Biography Biographies Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert Boyle is the most influential Anglo-Irish scientist in history.   He played a key role in the history of science by establishing the experimental method, on which all modern science is based (Mollan).   Also, with his assistant Robert Hooke, he began pioneering experiments on the properties of gases, including those expressed in Boyle's law.   He demonstrated the physical characteristics of air, showing that is is necessary in combustion, respiration, and sound transmission.   He also wrote The Sceptical Chymist in 1661, in which he attacked Aristotle's theory of four elements.   This was an essential part of the modern theory of chemical elements. Childhood   Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert was born on January 25, 1627 to a Protestant family in Lismore, Ireland.   He was the youngest of fourteen children.   His father was Richard Boyle, First Earl of Cork.   Richard came to Ireland from England in 1588 at the age of 22.   He was appointed clerk of the council of Munster by Elizabeth I in 1600 (Robert).   At one point he was imprisoned for embezzlement and theft, but he managed to receive a royal pardon, and went on to accumulate a huge fortune and advance his social standing and political influence (Mollan).   He was a very successful man and Robert grew up in a very noble and high-class life.  Ã‚   Robert’s mother, Catherine Fenton, was Richard’s second wife, his first having died within a year of the birth of their first child.   When Richard married the well connected Fenton she was 15 and he was 37.   Richard was in his 60’s and Catherine in her 40’s when Robert was born (Robert).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robert was born into an affluent English aristocratic family and received a conventional gentleman's education (Clulee).   In a brief autobiography of his early life, Robert paints himself as being different from the other children in his family.   He says he was rather self-righteous, preferring to study rather than play or do other normal boyish activities.   Robert wrote that he was very much his father’s favorite (Mollan).   Robert’s parents believed that the best upbringing for young children, up to the time they began their education, could be provided away from their parents.   Robert was sent away to be brought up in the country while his father continued to aim for higher political successes (Robert).   After his mother died Robert returned from his stay with his country nurse and rejoined his family.   He went to school, along with one of his older brothers, at Eton College in England in 1635 when he was 8 years old (Sargent, 23) .

William Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew Essay -- Shakespeare Tam

William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew In the beginning of â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew†, some say Shakespeare portrays Katherina as a very shrewish figure. Others may argue that she is not shrewish but just a very strong willed person. At the end of the play some people say she is transformed into a very kind and gentle person, while again others will argue that she is not â€Å"tamed† but just putting on an act to â€Å"show up† her younger sister Bianca, whom has always been more beautiful and charming. Kate is â€Å"like a wasp, like a foal, like foal that kicks from his halter; pert, quick and determined, but full of good heart.† 1. This statement made by one author, shows clearly that he does not see her as shrew-like, even at the beginning of the play. The same author states that at the end of the play she has not really transformed, rather she has just fallen in love with Petruchio, in essence she is free from torment because she is no longer seen as the shrew.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the play Kate is â€Å"consistently in opposition to everything around her†2, meanwhile â€Å"Bianca obeys so gently and with such sweet submission that it is obvious why she is Baptista’s favorite daughter†2. In the end of the play, the roles switch and Katherina is submissive to every word of Petruchio and Bianca resists the commands of her new husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kate’s first reaction to Petruchio, her â€Å"mad wooer†, is self-pity, and even her father feels that his treatment of her would â€Å"vex a saint†. He takes her away from the home she is used to, with servants and maids to wait on her hand and foot, to the country. There she is away from the luxurious town life and is cold, hungry and tired. She somewhat learns to watch her temper and obey Petruchio so that he will feed her so she can survive peacefully rather than miserably. I believe that his method of taming her is not cruel yet very effective. He shows her that she can get much farther and live life a lot happier if she is nice and â€Å"entreats† him rather than fighting him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One author (pattern in carpet) says that Shakespeare sees Katherine and Petruchio as in love at first sight. He says that their fights are partly like a game and partly a matter of egoism. He sees Katherine as â€Å"testing† Petruchio making sure he is â€Å"man† enough to put up with the worst of her and prove to be the husband she requires. Petruchio accept... ...y. She may be submissive to him, but at the same time, he is just as submissive to her. I think that he didn’t only tame her, but she tamed and controls him by craft and not violence. Katherina is not the only one in the play to undergo a transformation. Petruchio, in the beginning went to woo Katherina only for money. He was offered a dowry by Seignior Baptista to â€Å"get rid of† Kate so he could wed his younger daughter Bianca to one of her many suitors. By the end of the play, it is made clear that Petruchio too changed and had fallen in love with Kate. The relationship that they have at the end of the play is truly love. They both are willing to change to make each other happy and they both try in every way possible to make peace in their family. The ironic part of the play is that they both think that they have control over the other one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All in all Katherina undergoes a complete metamorphosis from the beginning of the play to the end of the play. She starts out a girl, acting like foal trying to kick free from her harness and ends up a submissive, sweet, gentle and kind woman, whom is controlled yet, controls her husband Petruchio, whom she ends up loving dearly. William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew Essay -- Shakespeare Tam William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew In the beginning of â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew†, some say Shakespeare portrays Katherina as a very shrewish figure. Others may argue that she is not shrewish but just a very strong willed person. At the end of the play some people say she is transformed into a very kind and gentle person, while again others will argue that she is not â€Å"tamed† but just putting on an act to â€Å"show up† her younger sister Bianca, whom has always been more beautiful and charming. Kate is â€Å"like a wasp, like a foal, like foal that kicks from his halter; pert, quick and determined, but full of good heart.† 1. This statement made by one author, shows clearly that he does not see her as shrew-like, even at the beginning of the play. The same author states that at the end of the play she has not really transformed, rather she has just fallen in love with Petruchio, in essence she is free from torment because she is no longer seen as the shrew.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of the play Kate is â€Å"consistently in opposition to everything around her†2, meanwhile â€Å"Bianca obeys so gently and with such sweet submission that it is obvious why she is Baptista’s favorite daughter†2. In the end of the play, the roles switch and Katherina is submissive to every word of Petruchio and Bianca resists the commands of her new husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kate’s first reaction to Petruchio, her â€Å"mad wooer†, is self-pity, and even her father feels that his treatment of her would â€Å"vex a saint†. He takes her away from the home she is used to, with servants and maids to wait on her hand and foot, to the country. There she is away from the luxurious town life and is cold, hungry and tired. She somewhat learns to watch her temper and obey Petruchio so that he will feed her so she can survive peacefully rather than miserably. I believe that his method of taming her is not cruel yet very effective. He shows her that she can get much farther and live life a lot happier if she is nice and â€Å"entreats† him rather than fighting him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One author (pattern in carpet) says that Shakespeare sees Katherine and Petruchio as in love at first sight. He says that their fights are partly like a game and partly a matter of egoism. He sees Katherine as â€Å"testing† Petruchio making sure he is â€Å"man† enough to put up with the worst of her and prove to be the husband she requires. Petruchio accept... ...y. She may be submissive to him, but at the same time, he is just as submissive to her. I think that he didn’t only tame her, but she tamed and controls him by craft and not violence. Katherina is not the only one in the play to undergo a transformation. Petruchio, in the beginning went to woo Katherina only for money. He was offered a dowry by Seignior Baptista to â€Å"get rid of† Kate so he could wed his younger daughter Bianca to one of her many suitors. By the end of the play, it is made clear that Petruchio too changed and had fallen in love with Kate. The relationship that they have at the end of the play is truly love. They both are willing to change to make each other happy and they both try in every way possible to make peace in their family. The ironic part of the play is that they both think that they have control over the other one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All in all Katherina undergoes a complete metamorphosis from the beginning of the play to the end of the play. She starts out a girl, acting like foal trying to kick free from her harness and ends up a submissive, sweet, gentle and kind woman, whom is controlled yet, controls her husband Petruchio, whom she ends up loving dearly.

Ho families are changing :: essays research papers

How Families Are Changing†¦ For the Better The present structure of the average family in America is changing, mainly due to the growing number of mothers who now work outside the home. The current mark of dual-earner families stands at 64 percent, making it a solid majority today. This alteration of the â€Å"traditional† structure of the family is a catalyst for other changes that may soon occur. One of the changes that recently have been evident is the increased participation of men in the family’s raising of children. Of course, this is almost essential considering nearly two-thirds of all women now work out-side the home. Among other changes, women’s new economic gains have made marriages increasingly egalitarian. This leads both spouses to have more flexibility in choosing careers and balancing family life. Children today are increasingly being taught new values about the roles of men and women. Day care is becoming increasingly prevalent and is becoming somewhat of an extended family. Also, institutions outside the family such as the workplace and schools are creating the biggest stresses for parents. The biggest reason for all the changes at home are that women demand them, and their new economic resources carry a lot of weight in the decision. This has also led for the young men of today to increasingly accept this new domestic structure. Often, they choose wives which seem as their equals, as opposed to someone who â€Å"does not bring home the bacon.† Though, men today often feel threatened because they no longer solely own the breadwinner role. This leads to increased stress for men, who not only want to remain breadwinners, but also want to increase the time spent with their children. Yet, today’s families have come to face some big stresses dealing with institutions that have not advanced as far. Workplaces often do not offer flexible schedules to employees, while schools are still structured as if mothers still solely remained at home. Work schedules also provide a very difficult time schedule that often conflicts with domestic responsibilities. This has lead to inflexible schedules being on of the top sources of stress for parents.

A Report on Conversation Analysis Techniques

Conversation analysis, usually abridged as CA, is a general method to the review of dialogues. It is the evaluation of the discourse in communication in almost all aspects of discussions on a daily basis. In all of these, we can say that â€Å"talk makes things happen†. The CA commonly tries to depict the organization of composition and chronological arrangement of interaction. As we can notice in the transcription, it can be taken into account as a naturalized transcription, where statements are recorded in as much feature as viable, most frequently observed in conversation analysis investigation.In trying to understand this particular transcription, it is a fundamental approach of CA that the action, which the partakers articulates, will depend not only on its verbal communication manner, but also on its position in the series, on the framework, on the distinctiveness of the presenter, and many others. Recently, the CA techniques of sequential examination have been in work b y phoneticians to delve into the good phonetic aspect of speech. Some of the basic techniques and methods are the following: Turn-taking Organization This is a technique wherein a talk is made in and via turns.Turn-taking is a means by which interrelating people apportion the privilege or responsibility to take part in the diversion of an exchange of ideas. In accordance with CA, the turn-taking scheme is made up of two mechanisms which are the turn constructional component and the turn allocation component. These techniques for dialogues were recognized inductively during pragmatic study of copies of demonstrations where discourse members chat one by one. This can be observed in the quoted part of transcription in which the people conversing take their turns alternately.â€Å"1. R: Hello Julia! How are you? Long time no see. 2. J: Yeah! Hi! How are you Richard? 3. R: I am good. I am good. I've been away for a few weeks. I have been with my father at work† The turn constructi onal component illustrates principal elements which achieve identifiable common dealings. It can be remarked that not every factor types may exist in all languages. Besides, it is likely that there are parts in other vernaculars, such as units in Asian speech that may not be present in English, French, and many other languages.This may be identified by an alteration in the tone or loudness of the expression, the last part of a syntactic element of speech, a brief stillness or stop, or a few variety of body movement. Changeover linking the participants typically takes place at such a situation. However, this component is not applied in the transition since the two chatting participants have a common set of language. While the turn allocation component expresses how chances to speak are shared by the presenters in a discussion. This can be used by directing, referring to a name, applying eye contact, etc.; and is evident in the transcription since Julia addresses Richard through using his name. Sequence Organization This affects how events are arranged in discussion. This comprises adjacency pairs and pre-sequences. Adjacency pairs are described with chats that are inclined to come about in reactive pairs; though, they may be divided over a succession of turns. Participants talk about a switch over of views and compliments because a lot of spoken deeds entitle a specific sort of vocal reaction as an immediate reply.Other dealings appeal for a dissimilar kind of accomplishment such as requests with approvals or refusals. Pre-sequences, on the other hand, employ chains of conversation prior to resolute chat. They arise when certain initial act is taken ahead of starting the primary element of an adjacency pair. Prior to uttering a demand, for example, it regularly creates meaning to make sure whether the other character has the thing one desires. In the transcription, a question-answer pair can be cited which sets up a request-approval.â€Å"52. R: Ok I will have to come down and visit you then = 53. J: = Of course! =† Preference organization This technique coincides with the sequence organization technique since it also involves preferences for a number of act categories in the channel of communication over other dealings. The modes in which the two classes of collective actions are fulfilled successively are referred to as preferred and dispreferred. The idea of predilection of communicators induces their understanding of spoken acts.A hush in response to an appeal, as an example, may be taken as substantiation of a possible imminent unfavored answer or a disclaimer. However, this technique is not applied in the transcription since there is no request that was approved or rejected. Alignment For a discourse to flow easily and efficiently, the orderliness of exchanges must be directed well and must follow a particular trajectory. The reaction to a remark normally offers a form of explanation of the previous statement and so signifies the alignment.Appraisals such as â€Å"That’s good†, inscriptions such as â€Å"Oh, wow! †, formulations like providing the general idea of what has been said, and two-way final points of the presenter’s statements, all supply confirmations of how the dialogue of the conversing persons is being comprehended. Repairs are used to mend a failure of discussion and reinstate alignment. Failures can be misinterpretations like â€Å"What did you say? â€Å"; â€Å"What do you mean? † as well as discords like â€Å"I think you’re wrong†, denunciation such as â€Å"No, I won’t† and other complexity.Revisions may occur when the speaker can anticipate that trouble is likely and reformulates talk accordingly. Alignment is especially important at the openings and closings of conversation. â€Å"13. R: I am so glad i am not having any busy= 15. J: =Ohhh†¦. hehehe†¦. I do not think so†¦. I hate exams (laughs)† Response Tokens Like spontaneous verbal communication, there are other units of language that, while not fairly terms, are nonetheless type of speech. Yet in this case, they are on purpose. Among the more ordinary of these are Hm, Ok, Ah, Yeah,Um, Uh, and Uh huh or Nuh uh.Words such as Ok, or Uh huh are utilized to document conformity with the presenter. Acknowledgements in another view, such as Mm and Yeah, express concurrence or awareness between the conversing persons like in this quote from the transcription â€Å"140. R: Yeah, I understand enough 141. J: Ah, Ok. † And another is a repair, such as Huh, that ask the presenter to repeat or to put in another way a thought or an inquiry. In several state of affairs, tokens function to tote up more facet and feeling to what the presenter is aiming to convey. Speech actsIn using this method, words do not basically subsist; but are brought into play to carry out points. Forming a claim is plainly one idea that can be undertaken by speech. A wide-ranging assumption of sense must be founded on the knowledge of these meanings and their circumstances of practice. This speech acts become more and more helpful in substance detection and classification of contribution of dialogues through verbal communication and content they are composed of five groups namely the commissives, directives, assertives, expressives, and declarations.Commisives are used to entrust the presenter to different strategies such as a assurance like â€Å"I will not impart to anyone what you have just found out†, proposal like â€Å"91. J: eh (. ) Could you say that again? † or hand over a guarantee such as in the transcript â€Å"19. J: †¦ but when I finish I will go out. † Directives, conversely, try to make the addressee get something done such as a demand like â€Å"Please tell me more†, an instruction like â€Å"Tell me about that†, a suggestion like â€Å"122. R: I suggest you to go to the Nort h, it is very beautiful†, a permission like â€Å"You can share that if you wish.†, and a query like in the transcription â€Å"50. R: Will you be with your family in the south? †.On the contrary, assertives try to show the addresser’s principle of the firm subject matter of the statement such as stating and describing like â€Å"97. J: But I want to look for a job but not in Spain, in another country to improve my skills†, predicting like â€Å"It will surely rain tomorrow†, and speculating like â€Å"I wonder whether it will rain tomorrow† as referred to in the transcription. Next are expressives which try to put across the addresser’s mental state such as a compliment like â€Å"268.R: Oh perfect!†¦ †, an apology like â€Å"228. J: Ah! Sorry sorry on Saturday†, a welcome like â€Å"215. R: It's nice to see you again†, gratitude like â€Å"Thanks very much! â€Å", and greetings like â€Å"245. M: Hello Richard Hello Julia†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as recorded. And lastly are declarations which are executed by an aptly authoritative addresser such as dismissing like â€Å"You are now fired! †, settling on like â€Å"You are liable on this from this day forward† and condemning like â€Å"I sentence you to six years in prison†; although these declarations are not present in the transcription. PragmaticsIn linguistics and semiotics, this is involved in connecting the descriptive difference between sentence gist and the presenter’s denotation. The analysis of how the milieu affects the version is in this case imperative. In this setting, the perspective stands for any feature as linguistic, factual, or personal that influences the real construal of symbols and terminologies. Pragmatics is concerned for the most part in utterances, typically in the structure of discussions, and a peculiarity is incorporated in it between sentence meaning and presenters’ way of articulating their thoughts and feelings.Additionally, it is considered as one of the most thought-provoking facets for communication novices to be able to ascertain and gain knowledge of, but it is believed that one can only actually master it with acquiring knowledge with experience. Sentence meaning is the verbatim sense of the sentence, while the speaker gist is the bits and pieces of details or facts that the presenters are making an effort to convey. In the transcription, the speakers made use of a readily understandable language, with the use of direct words and statements, and without having any symbolisms or codes.But there are some kinds of omissions or shortcuts of the speakers’ sentences and some repetition of statements for emphasis. But in spite of those things, both presenters have the aptitude to comprehend what the addresser means to say. Overlaps This method expresses findings of coinciding and intersecting views, with beginning and end of overlapping rem arks. The addressee eventually gets the main idea conveyed by the initial speaker right away, even if the speaker is not able to finish or complete his or her sentence, so overlapping of statements occurs.This can be seen in this quote from the transcription. â€Å"52. R: Ok I will have to come down and visit you then = 53. J: = Of course! =† In this case, the benefit of this columnar format over the more ordinary type of transcription is that it illustrates how communicational symmetries or asymmetries are present between conversational participants. As a conclusion, we can deduce that transcription is indeed an influential act of representation. This account can impinge on how the information is conceptualized.The transcription procedure must be integrated more thoroughly into qualitative study frameworks and techniques. Phases of contemplation at fundamental patterns and performance details of dialogues may generate an important training and implementation in marking of bo th the course of action of study and partakers’ speech a distinction. The goal of translating examiners is to figure out and communicate the manner by which the members appreciate their dealings that brings into being the occurrence of social actuality.Complementary to other philosophies, the conversation analysis techniques which are applied to the transcription barely appraise natural discourse. The investigation upholds that it is feasible to interpret a talk based on the record alone. Even if we had been taking notes while it was happening, we can't be sure we'd got things down accurately, and we'd probably have missed quite a lot. And if we hadn't been taking notes, then relying on later recall is doubly risky. We'd be battling against the everyday mistakes of memory as well.