Destructive Leadership the Cause, Effect, and Aftermath

Destructive Leadership: The Cause, Effect, and Aftermath Snehal Kavi University of Maryland, University College Abstract This paper explores the behaviors of a destructive leader, and how this negativity affected the leader’s subordinates. Several peer-reviewed articles support the ideas that decision-making, influence tactics, power, and emotional intelligence create a successful leader. However, these traits were non-existent in a particular leaders case, which led to undesirable behaviors throughout the organization. The operational manager at a pain management company incessantly belittled and humiliated her subordinates, exerting power in the incorrect manner. This leader had little knowledge and expertise in her field, did not†¦show more content†¦Freed (2011) defines a leader as a strong, wise, emotional, and intelligent person who can help those who are weaker. Britni also provided direction and motivation to site managers to excel the efforts of their teams every week, month, or year. This however, made it easy for Britni to ridicule managers who were at the bottom of t he list. Pollach Kerbler (2011) define a leader as someone whose â€Å"strong charisma, reputation, and symbolic power can have a positive effect on corporate reputation, corporate performance, [and] organizational effectiveness† (p. 355). Through these definitions and various others, it is a common thread that a leader should be likeable, able to motivate and influence, and powerful. A leader should hold some power over the individuals being led, to allow the leader to gain a sense of authority. With this power, the individuals, being led, begin to respect, listen, and follow what their leader asks of them (Colquitt et al, 2013). Power also allows the leader to reward and punish individuals based on their performance (Colquitt et al, 2013). A major task of the operational manager at Kure is to determine what value of the quarterly bonus would be given to each individual site manager, based on performance. Freed (2011) states, â€Å"the motivational philosophy of carr ots (rewards) andShow MoreRelated Hurricane Katrina: A Man-made Disaster Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesEDT on August 29, 2005 Hurricane Katrina made landfall, etching lasting memories of those living in and around the New Orleans, Louisiana. It was this day that Hurricane Katrina came ashore and caused what was to be thought as one of the â€Å"most destructive storm in terms of economic losses† (Hurricane Katrina —, 2007) of all times. Who was to be blamed for the failure in emergence management response and preparation, no one seemed to know or understand. 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The White Queen Called It, Living Backwards - 2138 Words

The White Queen called it â€Å"living backwards.† She was referring, of course, to life on the other side of a looking glass. Indeed, traveling through a looking glass, if it were possible, would be a contortion of space, a reversal of the orderly world in the â€Å"frontward† side of the glass with the disorder found in the â€Å"backward† side. Everything would, like the queen said, be turned around. So if someone in Victorian England squeezed herself through a looking glass, she might find, instead of the classic Victorian ideal of the tranquil home where the husband brought home the bacon and the wife happily cooked it, homes in which strong wives dominated weak, ineffectual husbands and husbands who, instead of coming home each evening to restore themselves within the loving familial bond, escaped that bond by taking long naps and dreaming strange dreams. 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Revenue Cycle Essay Example For Students

Revenue Cycle Essay AUDITING THE REVENUE CYCLE Audit procedures associated with the revenue cycle is the main point in this report. Basically, it is divided into three sections. First, it begins with a review of alternative technologies used in both legacy and modern system. The focus is on the key operational task performed under each technological environment. The second section discusses the revenue cycle audit objectives, controls and test of controls that an auditor would perform to gather evidence needed to limit the scope, timing and extent of substantive tests. The last section describes revenue cycle substantive tests in relation to audit objectives. OVERVIEW OF REVENUE CYCLE TECHNOLOGIES Technology and automation are integral to successful financial leaders strategy to offset rising expenses and improve operating income. The most efficient revenue cycle will use best practice processes enabled by highly optimized technology. By using this combination of process and technology, organizations may realize efficiencies driven by improved workflows; reduced manual intervention; and more relevant, reliable, and timely decision-support information. This section examines alternative information technologies used in the revenue cycle. The first of these is a sales order system that employs batch processing and uses sequential files for storing accounting records. This is an example of an early legacy type system. This approach characterizes the era of data ownership in which files were designed exclusively for the use of a single user. Second is a cash receipt system that employs batch processing and uses direct access files. This configuration is found in both modern systems and late-era legacy systems. The direct access file approach offers operational advantages over sequential file processing and permits limited data sharing. The final system is a modern real-time sales order entry and cash receipts system that uses database technology. Modern systems design embraces reengineering to radically reshape business processes and workflow. This process involves replacing traditional procedures with procedures that are innovative and sometimes very different from those that previously existed. Information Technologies Used in the Revenue Cycle I. Batch processing system using sequential files Batch processing using sequential files involves two procedures: ? Manual procedures ? Automated procedures Batch processing system using sequential files Manual procedures In this basic system, order taking, credit checking, warehousing and shipping are performed manually. The following discussion outlines the key features of the system. 1. Obtaining and recording the customers’ order The sales process begins in the sales department with the receipt of a customer order indicating the type and quantity of merchandise being requested. The primary objective of this step is to ensure that the relevant data about the transaction are transcribed into a standard format that can be processed by the selling entity’s system. The document prepared in this procedure is the sales order. The process begin as the sales order captures vital information such as the name and address of the customer; the customer’s account number; the name, number and description of the item sold; the quantities and unit prices of each item sold; and other financial information such as taxes, discounts and freight charges. In manual systems, multiple copies of sales order are produced to serve different purposes. After preparing the sales order, the sales clerk files one copy of it in the customer open order file for future reference. Since the process is done manually, filling the order and getting the product to the customer may take days or even weeks. 2. Approving Credit The next step in the revenue cycle is transaction authorization, which involves verifying the customers’ creditworthiness. The circumstances of the sale will determine the nature of the credit check. In our system, the credit authorization copy of the sales order is sent to the credit department for approval. The returned approval triggers the release of the other sales order copies simultaneously to various departments. The credit copy is filed in the customer open order file until the transaction is complete. 3. Processing Shipping Orders The final step is the processing of shipping orders. The sales department sends the stock release copy of the sale order to the warehouse. After picking the stock, the clerk initials the stock release copy to indicate that the order is complete and accurate. The clerk then adjusts the stock records to reflect the reduction in inventory. Updating the inventory accounting records is an automated procedure that will be discussed later. Batch processing system using sequential files Automated procedures This is an automated operation. The computer system described here is an example of a legacy system that employs the sequential file structure for its accounting records. Both tapes and disks can be used as the physical storage medium for such system. However the use of tapes has declined considerably in recent years. Most organizations that still use sequential files store them on disks that are permanently connected it the computer system and require no human intervention. The following are the main points of batch processing system using sequential files Automated procedures: 1. Keypunch/Data Entry The process begins with the arrival of batches of shipping notices from the shipping department. These documents are copies of the sales orders that contain accurate information about the number of units shipped and information about the carrier. The data processing clerk converts the shipping notices to magnetic media to produce a transaction file of sales orders. Typically this process is continual. Batch control totals are calculated for each batch on the file. 2. Edit run The edit program is the first run in the batch process. This program validates transactions by testing each record for the existence of clerical or logical errors. Later, these are corrected by an authorized person and resubmitted for processing with the next day’s business. The edit program recalculates the batch control totals to reflect changes due to the removal of error records. The clean transaction file is then passed to the next run in the process. 3. Sort Run The sort run physically arranges the sales order transaction file sequentially by account number, which is one of its secondary keys. To process a sequential transaction file, it must be placed in the same sequence as the master file that it is updating. 4. AR Update and Billing Run This procedure creates a new AR_SUB master file that incorporates all the changes to the customer accounts that are affected by transaction records. The original AR-SUB master file remains complete and unchanged by the process. The creation of new and separate master file is a characteristic of sequential file processing. 5. Sort and Inventory Update Runs The sort program sorts the sales order file on the other secondary key- Inventory Number. The inventory update program reduces the quantity-on-hand field in the affected inventory records by the quantity sold field in each sales order record. A new inventory master file is created in the process. In addition, the program compares values of the quantity-on-hand and the reorder point fields to identify inventory items that need to be replenished. 6. General Ledger Update Run Under the sequential file approach, the general ledger master file is not updated after each batch of transactions. To do so would result in the recreation of the entire general ledger every time a batch of transactions is processed. Firms using sequential files typically employ separate end-of-day procedures to update the general ledger accounts. Batch processing system using sequential files will generate a number of management reports. This may include sales summaries, inventory status reports, transaction listings, journal voucher listings and budget and performance reports. II. Batch Cash Receipts System with Direct Access Files Cash receipts procedures are natural batch systems. They are not continuously occurring throughout the day because they are basically discrete events. Checks and remittance advices arrive from the postal service in batches. Same as deposit of cash receipts in bank which usually happens as a single event at the end of the business day. Technology employed in this receipt system uses direct access files and batch processing which then is used to automate traditional procedures. The following discussion outlines the main points of this system: 1. Mailroom The mailroom separates the checks and remittance advices and prepares a remittance list. These checks and a copy of remittance list are sent to the cash receipts department. 2. Cash Receipts Department The cash receipts clerk reconciles the checks and the remittance list and prepares the deposit slips. The remittance list and one copy of deposit slip are then filed. At the end of the day, the clerk deposits the cash in the bank. 3. Accounts Receivable Department The accounts receivable clerk receives and reconciles the remittance advices and remittance list. Via terminal, the clerk creates the cash receipts transaction file based on the individual remittance advices. The clerk then files the remittance advices and remittance list. 4. Data Processing Department At the end of the day, the batch program reconciles the journal voucher with the transaction file of cash receipts and updates the AR-SUB and the general ledger control accounts. This process employs the direct access method described earlier. Finally, the system produces a transaction listing that the accounts receivable clerk will reconcile against the remittance list. III. Real-Time Sales Order Entry and Cash Receipts This system provides real-time input and output with batch updating of only some of the master files. It replaces manual procedures and physically documents with interactive computer terminals just like a reengineered sales order system. The main points of the system are the following: 1. Order Entry Procedure Sales Procedures Under real-time processing, sales clerks receiving orders from customers process each transaction separately as it is received. Using a computer terminal connected to an edit/inquiry program, the clerk performs the following task in real time mode: 1. Perform a credit check online by accessing the customer credit file 2. If credit is approved, the clerk then accesses the inventory master file and checks the availability of the inventory. 3. The system automatically transmits an electronic stock release record to the warehouse and a shipping notice to the shipping department, and records the sale in the open sales order file. Warehouse Procedure The warehouse clerk’s terminal immediately produces a hard copy printout of the electronically transmitted stock release document. The clerk then picks the goods and sends them along with a copy o the stock release document to the shipping department. Shipping and Billing The shipping clerk reconciles the goods, the stock release document, and the hard copy packing slip produced on the terminal. The clerk then selects the carrier and prepares the goods for shipment. From a terminal, the clerk transmits a shipping notice containing invoice, date, and carrier information to create a shipping log of the event. The transaction record is removed from the open sales order file and added to the sales invoice file. Finally, drawing from data in the customer file, the system automatically prepares the customer’s bill. 2. Cash Receipts Procedure In this system, each invoice is billed and paid individually. Cash from customers may be received and processed as just described or may be sent directly to a bank lock-box. In either case, the remittance advices are sent to the accounts receivable function, where the clerk enters them into the system via a terminal. Each remittance record is assigned a unique remittance number and is added to the remittance file. Placing the remittance number and the current date in the respective fields then closes the corresponding open invoice record. Features of Real-Time processing This system is a departure from traditional accounting. A central feature of the system is the use of an events database. Traditional accounting records may not exist per se. In theory such system does not even need a general ledger because sales, sales returns, accounts receivable-control and cost of goods sold can all be derived from the invoices in the events database. Most organizations, however, prefer to maintain a separate general ledger file for efficiency and as a cross check of processing accuracy. The four advantages which make this approach attractive option for many organizations are the following: 1. Real-time processing greatly shortens the cash cycle of the firm. 2. Real-time processing can give a firm a competitive advantage in the market-place. 3. Manual procedures tend to produce clerical errors, such as incorrect account numbers, invalid inventory numbers and price-quantity extension miscalculations. 4. Real-time processing reduces the amount of paper documents in a system. REVENUE CYCLE AUDIT OBJECTIVES, CONTROLS AND TEST OF CONTROLS Input controls Input controls are designed to ensure that the transactions are valid, accurate, and complete. Control techniques vary considerably between batch and real time systems. The following input controls relate to revenue cycle operations: Credit Authorization Procedure The purpose of the credit check is to establish the creditworthiness of the customer. Only customer transactions that meet the organization’s credit standards are valid and should be processed further. In batch systems with manual credit authorization procedures, the credit department is responsible for implementing the firm’s credit policies. Testing Credit Procedures Failure to apply credit policy correctly and consistently has implications for the adequacy of the organization’s allowance for uncollectible accounts. The following tests provide evidence pertaining to the valuation/allocation audit objectives and to a lesser extent, the accuracy objective. The auditor needs, therefore, 1. to determine that effective procedures exist to establish appropriate credit limits; 2. ommunicate this information adequately to the credit policy decision makers; 3. review credit policy periodically and revise it as necessary; and 4. monitor adherence to current credit policy. The auditor can verify the correctness of programmed decision rules by using either: ? Test Data ? Integrated Test Facility This testing is easily accomplished by creating several dummy customer accounts wit h various lines of credit and then processing test transactions that will exceed some of the credit limit. The auditor can then analyze the rejected transactions to determine if the computer application correctly applied the credit policy. The integrity of reference data is an important element in testing credit policy controls. A correctly functioning computer application cannot successfully apply credit policy if customer credit limits are excessively high or can be changed by unauthorized personnel. Substantive Tests traditionally follow test of controls because the results of test of controls because the results of test of controls are used to determine the nature, timing, and extent of the substantive tests. In this case, however, substantive tests may be the most efficient way to verify if credit policy is being properly applied. Data Validation Controls In the batch system, data validation occurs only after the goods have been shipped. Extensive error logs, error correction, and transaction resubmission procedures characterize such systems. General Types of Validation Tests that are relevant to the revenue cycle includes: ? Missing Data Checks ? Numeric-Alphabetic Data Checks ? Limit Checks ? Range Checks ? Validity Checks ? Check Digit Testing Validation Controls Data entry errors that slip through edit programs undetected can cause recorded accounts receivable and revenue amounts to be materially misstated. The audit procedures described provide evidence about the accuracy assertion. The central audit issue is whether the validation programs in the data editing system are functioning correctly and have continued to function as intended throughout the period. Testing the logic of a validation program, however, represents a significant undertaking. The auditor may decide to rely on the quality of other controls to provide the assurance needed to reduce substantive testing. Batch Controls Batch Controls are used to manage high volumes of transaction data through a system. The objective of batch control is to reconcile output produced by the system with the input originally entered into the system. While initiated at the data input stage, batch control continues through all phases of data processing. An important element of batch control is the batch transmittal sheet which captures relevant information about the batch, such as the following: ? A unique batch number ? A batch date ? A transaction code ? The number of records ? The number of records in the batch ? The total dollar value of a financial field ? The total of a unique nonfinancial field Testing Batch Controls Hesters Story EssayIn most organizations, this means that sales are recognized only when the products are shipped. The auditor should review the shipping log for the following period to determine if the missing invoice numbers are recorded there. If so, this would indicate that the merchandise was shipped after the cutoff period. It may be necessary to adjust the sales and accounts receivable balances accordingly. Review Line Item and Inventory Files for Sales Price Accuracy Evidence from testing the product prices charged to customers supports the audit objective of accuracy. Sometimes sales are given limited authority to negotiate prices with customers. Significant discrepancies between the suggested retail price and the price actually charged, however, may indicate incompetence, clerical errors, or sales personnel exceeding their authority. Auditors would verify pricing accuracy by comparing sales prices on the invoices with the published price list. But because of the physical effort involved with this approach, it could be done only on a sample basis. Therefore, out of thousands of sales records, perhaps only one or two hundred would be tested. ACL allows the auditor to compare the prices charged on every invoice in the file for the period under review. Testing for Unmatched Records There are two possible causes for unmatched records: ? First, the value of the item number field in the line item record is incorrect and does not match an inventory record. Since the operational assumption is that the inventory master file is correct, then any line item records in the unmatched file are errors. The presence or absence of such errors is evidence that refutes or corroborates the accuracy assertions. ? Second, the inventory file. The presence of inventory records in the unmatched file means that there were no corresponding records in the line item file. This result is not an error; it means that these products did not sell during the period. After adjusting for any seasonal influences on sales, such evidence may refute the valuation assertion. The auditor may require that the inventory be written down to reflect its market value. Testing the Existence Assertion One of the most widely performed tests of existence is the confirmation of accounts receivable. This test involves direct written contact between the auditors and the client’s customers to confirm account balances and transactions. Statement on Auditing Standards No. 7, the Confirmation Process, states that auditors should request confirmations of accounts receivable except in the following three situations: 1. accounts receivable are immaterial; 2. based on a review of internal controls, the auditor has assessed control risk to be low; or 3. the confirmation process will be ineffective. Because of the way some organizations account for their liabilities, they may be u nable to respond to requests for confirmation. Government agencies and large industrial organizations often use an open-invoice system for liabilities. Under this approach, invoices are recorded individually rather than being summarized or grouped by creditor. In this environment, no accounts payable subsidiary ledger exists. Each invoice is paid as it comes due. For financial reporting purposes, total accounts payable is calculated simply by summing the open invoices. Determining the liability due to a particular creditor, which may consist of multiple invoices, is not such a simple task. The auditor should not assume that an organization using this approach would invest the time needed to respond to the confirmation request. Under such circumstances, the confirmation process would be ineffective. Selecting Accounts to Confirm Selecting accounts receivable for confirmation involves processing data that are contained in both the customer and the sales invoice files. Each customer record is associated with one or more sales invoice records. The sales invoice file provides the financial information needed for the confirmation requests, and the customer mailing information is contained in the customer file. Obtaining a set of accounts for confirmation requires three steps: 1. CONSOLIDATE INVOICES. ACL’s classify command allows the auditor to set a filter to select only the open sales invoices and to summarize the invoice amount field for each record based on the customer number. The summarized records are then passed to a new file called classified invoices. 2. JOIN THE FILES. The join feature allows the auditor to select only relevant fields from each of the input files when creating the new file. 3. SELECT A SAMPLE OF ACCOUNTS. To assist the auditor in this task, ACL’s sample feature offers two basic sampling methods: random or record sampling and monetary unit sampling. The choice of methods will depend on the auditor’s strategy and the composition of the accounts receivable file. If the account balances are fairly evenly distributed, the auditor may want an unbiased sample and will thus choose the random sample approach. Under this method, each record, regardless of the size of the accounts receivable balance, has an equal chance of being included in the sample. If, on the other hand, the file is heavily skewed with large customer account balances, the auditor may select MUS, which will produce a sample biased toward the larger dollar amounts. ACL’s size command helps the auditor calculate sample size and sampling intervals based on the auditor’s desired confidence level, the size of the population being sampled, and the assessed materiality threshold. Preparing Confirmation Requests The confirmation requests contain the information captured in the AR-Sample file. The requests, which usually take the form of letters, are drafted and administered by the auditor, but are written in the client entity’s name. In a positive confirmation letter, recipients are asked to respond whether their records agree or disagree with the amount stated. These are particularly useful when the auditor suspects that a large number of accounts may be in dispute. They are also used when confirming unusual or large balances or when a large proportion of total accounts receivable arise from a small number of significant customers. A problem with positive confirmation is poor response rate. Customers that do not dispute the amount shown in the confirmation letter may not respond. The auditor cannot assume, however, that lack of response means agreement. To obtain highest response rate possible, second and even third requests may need to be sent to nonrespondents. Negative confirmations request the recipients to respond only if they disagree with the amount shown in the letter. This technique is used primarily when accounts receivable consist of a large number of low-value balances and the control risk of misstatement is considered to be low. The sample size for this type of test typically large and may include the entire population. Evidence from nonreturned negative confirmations selected from a large population provides indirect evidence to support the auditor’s expectation that accounts receivable are not materially misstated. Since the egative confirmations approach does not prove that the intended recipients actually received and reviewed the confirmation letters, evidence of individual misstatements provided by returned responses cannot be projected to the entire population. In other words, responses to negative confirmations cannot be used as a basis for determining the total dollar amount of the misstatement in the account. Suc h evidence can be used, however, to reinforce the auditor’s prior expectation that the account balance may be materially misstated and that additional testing of details is needed to determine the nature and amount of misstatement. ACL’s export features can greatly facilitate the physical task of inserting the relevant financial data for each customer into the individual letters. Using this option, the auditor can produce a text version of the AR-Sample file that can be integrated with the confirmation letter text using mail/merge feature of a word processing package such as Microsoft Word or WordPerfect. This facility greatly reduces the clerical effort traditionally associated with confirmation activities. Evaluating and Controlling Responses Evidence provided through confirmations is less reliable when contact between the auditor and the debtor is disrupted by client intervention. The auditor should take all reasonable steps to ensure the following procedures are observed: ? The auditor should retain custody of the confirmation letters until they are mailed; ? The confirmation letters, together with the self-addressed stamped envelopes, should be addressed to the auditor, rather than the client organization; and ? The confirmation request should be mailed by the auditor. If client mailroom personnel participate in the process, they should be adequately supervised. Nonresponses to positive confirmation also need to be investigated. SAS 67 requires auditors to use alternative procedures to resolve this issue. A commonly used procedure is to review the following period’s closed invoices to determine if the accounts were actually paid. Testing the Valuation/Allocation Assertion The auditor’s objective regarding proper valuation and allocation is to corroborate or refute that accounts receivable are stated at net realizable value. This objective rests on the reasonableness of the allowance for doubtful accounts, which is derived from aged accounts receivable balances. To achieve this objective, the auditor needs to review the accounts receivable aging process to determine that the allowance for doubtful accounts is adequate. . APPENDIX A. Batch Processing with Sequential Files B. Sales Order C. Bill of Lading D. Batch Processing with Sequential Files E. Real Time Sales Order Entry and Cash Receipts F. File Structure for the Revenue Cycle G. Relationship between Management Assertions and Revenue Cycle Audit Objectives H. Confirmation Letter FIGURE 9-1. Batch Processing with Sequential Files SALES CREDITDATA PROCESSING WAREHOUSE SHIPPING FIGURE 9-2. Sales Order CHARGE SALE INVOICE MONTEREY PENINSULA CO-OPINVOICE NUMBER_______ 527 River Road Chicago, IL 60612 (312) 555-0407 SOLD TO FIRM NAME______________________________INVOICE DATE__________ ATTENTION OF___________________________PREPARED BY__________ ADDRESS_______________________________CREDIT TERMS_________ CITY____________________________________ STATE_______ZIP________________________ CUSTOMER PURCHASE ORDER NUMBER________________________________SHIPMENT DATE________ DATE___________________________________SHIPPED VIA___________ SIGNED BY______________________________BOL NO. _______________ QUANTITY ORDERED |PRODUCT NUMBER |DESCRIPTION |QUANTITY SHIPPED |UNIT PRICE |TOTAL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |TOTAL SALE | | | | |CUSTOMER ACCT. NO. | | | |VERIFICATION | FIGURE 9-3. Bill of Lading UNIFORM STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING-Domestic Monterey Peninsula Co-opDocument No. __________ 527 River Road Chicago, IL 60612 (312) 555-0407Shipper No. __________________________ Carrier No. ___________________________ Date________________________________ TO: Consignee________________________________________ Street____________________________________________ City/State Zip Code______________________________ (Name of Carrier) ____________________________________________________________ _________________________ Route: Vehicle____________ |No. Shipping units |Kind of packaging, description of articles, special marks and |Weight |Rate |Charges | | |exceptions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TOTAL CHARGES $ | | | |The agreed or declared value of the property is herby |IF WITHOUT RECOURSE: |specifically stated by the shipper to be not exceeding: |The carrier shall not make delivery of this shipment | |$____________per___________________ |without payment of freight | | |_____________________________ | | |(Signature of Consignor) | | | | |FREIGHT CHARGES |Signature below signifies that the goods described above | |Check appropriate box: |are in apparent good order, except as noted. Shipper | | Freight prepaid |hereby certifies that he is familiar with all the bill of | | Collect |lading terms and agrees with them. | | Bill to shipper | | |SHIPPER Monterey Peninsula Co-op |CARRIER | |PER |PER DATE | (This bill of lading is to signed by the shipper and agent of the carrier issuing the name. ) CONSIGNEE FIGURE 9-4. Batch Processing with Sequential Files ____ MAILROOM ___ CASH RECEIPTS_______________ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE ____ DATA PROCESSING CONTROLLER OFFICE_______ FIGURE 9-5. Real Time Sales Order Entry and Cash Receipts _____ CUSTOMER SALES DEPARTMENT____________DATA PROCESSING DEPARTMENT____ _______WAREHOUSE________SHIPPING DEPARTMENT_____ FIGURE 9-6. File Structure for the Revenue Cycle PK |Customer | Customer |Street |City |State |Zip |Credit | |Number |Name |Address | | |Code |Limit | Customer File PK SK Invoice | Customer |Invoice |Sales |Due |Closed |Remittance | |Number |Name |Amount |Date |Date |Date |Number | Sales Invoice File PK |Invoice |Item |Sales |Quantity |Extended | |Number |Number |Price | |Price | Line Item File SK PK |Item |Description |Warehouse |Quantity on | |Number | |Location |Hand | PK SK Management Assertions Revenue Cycle Audit Objectives | | | | | | | | | TABLE 1. Relationship between Management Assertions and Revenue Cycle Audit Objectives FIGURE 9-7. Confirmation Letter CLIENT LETTERHEAD (CLIENT NAME AND ADDRESS) (Name and Address of Client’s Customer) To Whom It May Concern: In accordance with the request from our external auditors, we ask that you confirm your outstanding account balance with our organization. Our records indicate that your account balances as of (end-of-period date) amounted to ($ amount). If your records agree with this balance, please indicate by signing in the space provided below and return this letter directly to our auditor’s using the enclosed envelope. Your prompt compliance with this request is greatly appreciated. If the amount indicated is not in agreement with your records, inform the auditors directly using the enclosed envelope. In your response, please show the amount owed according to your records and include full details of the discrepancy. Sincerely, (Name of the Entity) The amount stated above is correct: (Customer Name) Customer Customer order Receive customer order and prepare sales order File A Customer copy Credit copy Stock release Packing slip Shipping notice File copy Customer order Credit copy Check credit Credit copy Key strokes Sales order file Edit Edited file Errors Sort program Sorted SO file AR update and billing program Sales orders Sort run Sorted SO file Old AR files New AR files Sales journal Journal voucher Old GL file New GL file Sorted journal vouchers Sorted journal vouchers General ledger update Management reports Customer’s invoice Customer Management Shipping notice Master file update program Sort sales order file by customer account number Old inventory file New inventory file End of day BATCH process File copy Shipping notice Packing slip Stock release Reconcile documents and goods, sign shipping notice, and prepare BOL Shipping notice Stock release Pick goods and send to shipping Stock release A File copy Stock release BOL File BOL BOL Packing slip Carrier Shipping Log File Inventory File Carrier BOL BOL Stock release Packing slip Terminal Reconcile goods with packing slip and prepare bill of lading Packing slip Terminal Stock release Terminal Accounts Receivable Terminal Remittance advice Credit memo Inventory file Record sales invoice and shipment Sales invoices Existence or OccurrenceVerify that the accounts receivable balance represents amounts actually owed to the organization at the Balance Sheet Date. CompletenessDetermine that all amounts owed to the organization at the balance sheet date are reflected in accounts receivable. Verify that all sales for shipped goods, all services rendered, and all returns and allowances for the period are reflected in the financial statements. AccuracyVerify that revenue transactions are accurately computed and based on current prices and correct quantities. Ensure that the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger, the Sales Invoice file, and the Remittance file are mathematically correct and agree with general ledger accounts. Rights and ObligationsDetermine that the organization has a legal right to recorded accounts receivable. Customer accounts that have been sold or factored have been removed from the accounts receivable balance. Valuation and AllocationDetermine that accounts receivable balance states its net realizable value. Establish that the allocation for uncollectible accounts is appropriate. Presentation and DisclosureVerify accounts receivable and revenues reported for the period are properly described and classified in the financial statements. Transaction listing of AR update Cash rec journal Gen Ledger accounts Accounts receivable Master file update program Journal vouchers Cash Rec Trans file Date entry program B A File Bank File Transaction listing of AR update Review Remittance advice Remittance list B Terminal Update AR ledger Remittance advice Remittance list A Terminal Record cash receipt Deposit slip Deposit slip Deposit slip Remittance list Check Remittance list Check Remittance advice Check Remittance list Remittance list Remittance list Remittance advice Check Customer Inventory file Record sales invoice and shipment Customer file Open sales orders Check, credit and update inventory Inventory file Customer file Customer invoice Terminal Customer order Clerk reconciles deposit slip from bank and cash receipts remittance list Reconciles checks with the RA and prepares remittance list Deposit slip Bank Remittance list Management Management reports

The Death of a Toad free essay sample

In Richard Wilbur’s poem â€Å"The Death of a Toad,† he describes the finals moments of a toad’s life and the first changes to the toad upon its death. Wilbur makes the transition of a toad’s death that is tragic because of the lack of attention and concern given to it. As he continues the poem, he shifts the tone from tragic to the peacefulness and respect of a hero. Wilbur exercises heavily loaded diction and vivid imagery corresponding to the tones in order to depict the toad’s death as tragic and heroic. The heavily loaded diction brings tragedy to the toad’s death and progresses to characterizing the toad as a hero. In line four, Wilbur references â€Å"cineraria leaves. † These words announce the death of the toad that was foreshadowed in the title. The leaves the toad lies on will eventually become what will hold the toad’s ashes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of a Toad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is tragic because the toad seems so insignificant to world, including the power mover’s operator. In line five, Wilbur continues describing the toad’s leaves as having â€Å"a dim, low, and final glade. † The toad’s death appears even more tragic because it will fade away and will be forgotten. The words in the second stanza emphasize the tragedy: â€Å"As still as if he would return to stone†¦dies toward some deep monotone. † When the toad metaphorically returns to stone, the toad’s life, presence, and existence is gone, with no one to mourn and remember the toad. The monotone Wilbur mentions presents the idea that the world before and after the life of the toad will not change. However, finally in the third stanza, Wilbur’s diction gives importance and heroicness to the dead toad. The speaker describes the toad’s movement â€Å"toward lost Amphibia’s emperies. † Similar to the life of the toad, the amphibian empires are lost. Although Amphibia’s emperies are lost, the assumption of this the other amphibians, this life and death of this toad are important and deserving of a heroic funeral. Thus, Wilbur’s loaded diction addresses the tragedy of the toad’s death and transitions to his heroism and importance in his amphibian community. Wilbur’s imagery creates the feelings of tragedy and heroism as the poem’s tones shift. When the toad’s leg is â€Å"chewed and clipped† by the power mower, the speaker paints a picture of a toad hopping along a grassy lawn and unexpectedly being injured by the lawn mower. The tragedy is in that the toad was not expecting to be hurt that day or in that moment, but this simple misfortune led to the death of the toad. When he describes the â€Å"ashen heartshaped leaves,† he illustrates literal heart-shaped leaves covered in the toad’s dark ashes. The toad’s death affects the natural beauty of the environment because it covers up the leaves, thus, it is tragic. In the second stanza, when the toad â€Å"flows in the gutters of the banked,† Wilbur represent the unpleasant image of a dead toad being picked up from the place of its death under the tree and being moved by water into the sewer. Ironically, water keeps toads alive—that is their natural habitat—but does nothing to bring the toad to life. Instead, it carries the toad to its place of glory, which is its Amphibian empire. The beautiful imagery associated with the empire gives it esteem. The empire’s â€Å"misted and ebullient seas and cooling shores† form an aura of peacefulness. The phrase â€Å"rest in peace† is often associated with death, and Wilbur provides a place for the toad’s peaceful after its messy death. The shift from gloomy imagery to peacefulness helps present the speaker’s tone transition from tragic to heroic. Richard Wilbur’s shifts in imagery and loaded diction set the tone major tones in â€Å"The Death of a Toad. † The imagery begins gloomy, just like the death of the toad, which helps create a tragic mood in the poem. As the poem continues, the images become peaceful, esteemed, and more heroic. Similarly, the loaded diction creates a change in the tone. The diction begins sorrowful but eventually transforms and included words of admiration and significance. Therefore, Richard Wilbur’s â€Å"The Death of a Toad† is a poem tells of the tragic death of a toad that becomes a hero in an amphibian empire.

My Father Essays - Animation, Angry Kid, Filmmaking,

My Father My father is exceptional in his ability to live spontaneously. Life is too short, there are so many things to do, places to go, people to talk to, hed say to my siblings and me as we grew up. I remember several occasions when my dad would come home from work on Friday nights and say Kids, get your stuff together, were leaving early in the morning. My dad would pack up our motor home and take my brother and sister and I on different adventures. One time my Dad took me on a trip to Sedona to go camping. We had planned to stay there for two nights and then drive back home. Instead, my dad decided impromptu that wed drive up to Flagstaff and go skiing. Another instance that proved my dad unpredictable was the day he brought home a huge sailboat and decided to take us to Rocky point, Mexico to go sailing for the weekend. Thanks to my fathers unconstrained way of living I have in me a very adventurous spirit. Speech and Communcations

What kept the American Colonists together essays

What kept the American Colonists together essays America declared independence on July 4th 1776, although America was not united when it begun, it soon became united through common hard-times and great leaders. America was discovered and settled by many different cultures and all of the cultures clashed from the start. After studying the colonies I have come to the conclusion that the "glue" that held them together was made up of: religious bonding, leadership abilities, their economic situations, the lack of communication with England, and philosophy. The colonies spread from New York to Georgia and had several ethnic groups that had nothing in common except the belief of freedom to, practice religious beliefs and political views. No one realized this until it was brought to the table by major events and leaders. Although there are hundreds of events that took place there are four major ones in particular: the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment, Revenue Acts, and the Albany Plan. There were also many great leaders such as John Locke, Thomas Paine and Ben In 1773 the emotional, spiritual, and evangelical movement labeled the Great Awakening was lead by George Witefield, Jonathan Edwards and Elija Weelock. These three leaders helped many colonist by preaching in traveling revivals spreading the word of God to the colonist. The word of god they preached was calvinism and predestination. People feared predestination and grew closer in fear of God and become more spiritual. The 18th century was an Age of Reason were the ideas of the Great Awakening were reversed. This Enlightenment was the result for the people's thirst for knowledge, the focus was the search for human knowledge, ideas, and inventions. Practical experimentation became the method of understanding. Ben Franklin was a father of the Enlightenment and a great leader because he promoted the spread of reason through out the colonies. He was...

American history marlboro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American history marlboro - Essay Example The company has been maintaining quality in its products over the years. (Mission & Values, n.d.) The paper will look into the history of the brand and the path of its glory. The first trace of the Marlboro cigarettes was found in 1847 in England. The brand got its name from the Marlborough Street in UK. The brand was manufactured by Philip Morris, which was based in UK. It was in 1902, that the company extended its operations in the USA. The US market was seen as a good opportunity for the brand to cater to the needs of women in the society. The marketing strategies of the company over the years have been instrumental in the success of the brand. (Marlboro Cigarettes history, n.d.) The time it was introduced in the US, the brand used the slogan â€Å"Mild as May†. Obviously, the brand aimed at targeting the women. The advertisements of the cigarettes contained the hand of women. The filters of the cigarettes were painted red. This was done to hide the lipstick stains of the women while smoking. The marketing strategies of the brand underlined the fact that it was for women. The brand maintained the same stance up to the 2nd World War. However, the economic conditions of the war forced the brand out of the market. There was a rise in the popularity of the other cheap cigarettes. Various companies that were popular in the phase were unfiltered. The brands that survived the World War were Camel, Lucky Strike and Chesterfield. However, the Marlboro brand came back into the market when the conditions stabilized. After the World War, there was a rise in the health concerns of the people and several articles were published depicting the reasons of cancer for the use of the cigarettes. The companies understood the situation and began to produce filtered cigarettes. Marlboro introduced filtered cigarettes also. However, to be able to capture the market, the company had to involve a lot of marketing and the

Web Application development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Web Application development - Assignment Example The people who share same spirits in sports would find this application as a great place for sharing their experiences, giving and taking advises, organizing events etc. This application will use the latest technology and simple yet elegant user interface. The Application allows it user to search people based on their interest in any sports. Search results could be filtered by location when the area of the operation expands in the future. The application will be developed with HTML5 and JavaScript in the front end and PHP in the server side scripting. Initially MySQL could be used as database client as number of users and frequency of interactions are considered. When future functionalities are introduced and website’s hits will be increasing, a more scalable database client such as Cassandra could be used. In this report we are including a detailed timeline for the development of application, design, structure, implementation details and future development ideas. New users can register to our web application through a signup facility. Users are requested to provide an username and password in order to gain full access to Sports pal .Non registered users can access only the homepage contents. User data is only passed through an encrypted SSL connection (Buttyan n.d.: 1). During the registration process Sports pal will collect details such as Full name, Date of Birth, Email address and physical location of the users. These details are displayed in our profile page. User can also update these details even after signing up to our application. These profiles are publicly viewable by all users of the application. Users are requested to add a sport of their interest during signup process and it could be edited in user profile functionality. Users can update their status message logging in to Sports Pal. This is a common featured shared by all social networking websites today. This facility will allow

Telecommuting (Working from Home) Research Paper

Telecommuting (Working from Home) - Research Paper Example separated from the work environment with the surroundings of encouraging you to try harder. But this system is getting more and more efficient and advanced as technologies get more advanced. (1)The local loop is the connection between the person that is utilizing the telecommunication network and the main service at which it is. The system of networking telecommunications was widely used sense the beginning of the industry of the telephone, and offered, and started with a simple network which was not interconnected nationally or internationally; but was based on small networks connected in a small area that were generally not connected to a lager network. This then connects the VPN format to the business and makes it so that you have, all day during your work, a connection with your employer to be free to ask them any questions you have and to receive assignments when they come in. As the telecommunication industry gets more and more advanced, so does the telecommute industry. The cell phone gets more and more advanced,; along with lap tops and I cams and other techniques that then become more practical and easier to use, bringing more from the work environment to home with the concept of a local loop(as afore mentioned, the connection process from the person that is utilizing the network to the main service at which it is). These more advanced communication gets, the more connection there is within the work at home telecommuter, and the person is connected to for the higher instructions and the specifier of what the projects to complete daily are. 1. Bringing telecommunicaation services to the people9Chapter 5) TELECOMMUTING... with your work environment at the same time. The process of this is very valuable to such issues as pollution and other resources. It provides the employer with wanting to be the professional employee with working from home being a perk. It is a growing industry that grows more and more all the time.

History of Modern Psychology: Anna Freud

History of Modern Psychology: Anna Freud Male visionaries dominated in the philosophical contributions to the psychology as a formal discipline; however, many prominent women pioneered major roles in psychology history between 1850 and 1950 (Goodwin, 2005). Freud Sigmund was not only among the Freudian to build credibility in psychology field, this is because Anna Freud-her youngest daughter took career in psychology and made important contributions in the history of psychology. The paper will discuss the background of Anna, her theoretical perspective, and the contributions she made to the field of psychology. Anna’s Background Martha and Sigmund had six children, the youngest was Anna born in December 1895. Anna was a mischievous girl who had great admiration the work of her father (Young-Bruehl, 1988). However, she grew separate from her siblings and her mother. Sigmund Freud reciprocated Anna’s adoration and at one time, he wrote of her stating, â€Å"Anna has turned absolute beautiful through naughtiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Boeree, 1998, pg 64) Frequently, Anna spoke of her competition feelings against her sister Sophie- the beautiful child of Freud and Anna the brains of Freud family. There was a strained bond between Anna and her mother Martha and the other siblings because their nanny, Jose Cihlarz, took care of them. Anna finished her education at Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912 and was not sure about her future path of career. Anna travelled to Britain in 1914 to grow her English skills but retuned to Vienna after a declaration of war. She got the credentials of teaching and started teaching at her former school. She showed great interest in the field of child psychology after taking much of her time teaching and observing her pupils. Anna decided to abandon being only a teacher to help the children and pursue a career in the footsteps of her father of psychoanalysis. Sigmund developed the interest of Anna in psychology filed at a young age of 14 years when he allowed Anna to read his works and writings about psychoanalysis. In addition, Sigmund began to analyze the dreams on Anna nighttime in 1918, and Anna accompanied her father to the 1920 International Psychoanalytic Congress. Anna met many of Sigmund’s friends and colleagues, including Lou Andreas-Salome, the psychoanalyst. Later on Lou became a confident of Anna. Vienna Psychoanalytic Society accepted Anna as a member after she presented her Daydreams and Beating Fantasies (Young-Bruehl, 1988). Anna kept on attending meetings of psychoanalytic, followed the publications and the works of her father, analyzed patients, and translated papers. Anna had developed her role as an important contributor to the child psychology field when she began her practice in psychoanalysis with young children. Anna taught seminars at Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and she published her first work, Techni que of Child Analysis. Her father-Sigmund became very ill after he was diagnosed with cancer and went through several surgical operations. Sigmund needed regular nursing to get well. Anna never wanted to leave the side of her father and gave him full-time care of nursing. Nevertheless, Anna managed to continue with her with the children. Unfortunately, Sigmund passed away due to his illness in 1913, almost the same time WWII began (Coles, 1992). Anna followed the footsteps of her father with psychoanalysis, but put her emphasis and focus on improving the techniques of learning children instead of adults. She became fully immersed in designing efficient and effective mechanisms to psychoanalyze children. Modern child psychology and ego psychology still use the techniques developed by Anna (Young-Bruehl, 1988). Theoretical Perspective and Contributions of Anna Anna was the successor of her father with her work and research in child psychology and ego psychology (Coles, 1992). She remained honest to her father’s core ideas and themes of psychodynamic theory even though some of the followers of her father abandoned his beliefs. However, she mainly focused on psyche dynamics instead of psyche structures. Anna wrote and published The Mechanisms of Defense and The Ego that gave a description how defenses work and apparently showed the ego is the observation seat from where people observe and works for the concept and the unconscious and superego, and study deserves in its mandate. Ego psychology usually represents the followers of Anna and Sigmund Freud teachings (Coles, 1992). Present day ego psychology is loyal to Freud’s work with a foundation of psychoanalysis, although it is more ordinary and practical of the ego in the application of psychoanalysis. Anna Freud mentored Erikson Erik, who is popular for his expansion works in ego psychology field and psychoanalysis (Goodwin, 2005). The mentorship of Anna influence Erik professional and academic career in psychology. Anna and Erik when he was tutoring children in Heitzing School managed by Dorothy Burlingham, a longtime friend of Anna. Anna saw the skillful manner of Erikson with the children and showed her interest in guiding Erik to study more regarding child psychology. According to Young-Bruehl, (1988) the main passion of Anna was child psychology. Anna devoted most her energy and time analyzing and studying children suffering traumas, majorly from the effects of the war. Most of the children were predisposed to lasting traumas, while others were blind or handicapped. Anna normally stated that she was happy she did not have her own children, despite the years on her life she devoted to help children she barely knew. Sigmund had focused entirely on adults that sorted through the recollections of childhood instead of current events. The desire of Anna was to work with children suffering from current traumas to prevent any psychological challenges in adulthood (Boeree, 1998). Anna learned children and their own surrounding and became a dependable therapist in dealing with the transference challenges. Reports showed that Anna was a caring adult and was not a substitute guardian, playmate, or parent during the sessions of therapy. The technique of Anna enabled a trusting and stable relationship between the child, the parents, and the therapist (Coles, 1992). The biggest challenge in the cancelling of Anna was communication among the therapist and the children. It is easy for adults to convey their thoughts, beliefs, ideas and emotions verbally whereas young children are inept to act so with accordance. She was unable to use her father’s cure of talking with the children, due to their incapability to verbalize their ideas and thoughts. Children seem to express their feelings and emotions more differently than the adults do. This influenced Anna to develop techniques particularly made to help the children. Anna Freud had the responsibility of putting up a war nursery at Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. She and Dorothy Burlingham run the clinic and motivated the children at the nursery to create attachments to manage war trauma. Working hand in hand with the children influenced her to publish many studies and research concerning children in stress during wartime, such as, Infants without Families, War and Children, and Young Children in Wartime (Boeree, 1998). She was able to improve her observation of parental deficiency in young children during traumatic period when orphans from concentration camps were put in Bulldogs Bank home (Boeree, 1998). Anna reported, analyzed and observed her outcomes in an experiment in a group upbringing that gave report of the children’s natural capabilities to create close relations with peers as a substitute of parents. In 1945, Hampstead nursery closed due to the end of the war. Shortly after this closure, Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic and Course opened under Anna’s management. The clinic offered analytic therapy, counseling, and a training in child treatment and analysis (Coles, 1992). The clinic became largest and comprehensive facility devoted the worlds to the treatment and analysis of children. Anna worked as the director, consultant and training analyst of the clinic from 1952 until her passing in 1982. New York Times gave a quote by Anna about her significant work with the children: I begun as a teacher of an elementary school. I changed from teaching to child analysis field. Henceforth, I moved continually back and forth, from the theoretical research of these challenges to their application practically. It is a fact that a person can have special luck to do this, and that many people don not have this luck (Goodwin, 2005). Conclusion Freud Anna was born 1895 and passed 1982 (Young-Bruehl, 1988). In those years, Anna made important contributions in the psychology field. Her professional and academic career shows her leaps and bounds in comprehending the nature of humans, mental processes, emotions and behaviors in present psychology (Coles, 1992). She endured being called Sigmund daughter to become a prominent female psychologist in a field and period where the men dominated publications and research. Anna is a true successor of her father and influenced the psychology field as a formal discipline with innovative therapeutic and observation techniques. The works of Anna are historical and worthy discussion, despite of some modern day psychologist agreeing or disagreeing with any of the Freudian perspectives. References Boeree, G. C. (1998). Anna Freud. Personality Theories. Retrieved from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/annafreud.html Coles, Robert (1992). Anna Freud: The dream of psychoanalysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Goodwin, C. J. (2005). A history of modern psychology (2nd Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Young-Bruehl, E. (1988).Anna Freud: A biography. New York: Summit Books

YR10 ANALYSIS OF THE UK LABOUR MARKET :: Economics

YR10 ANALYSIS OF THE UK LABOUR MARKET 1. What have been the trends in unemployment levels in the UK in the past 25 years? From the graph above I can come to a conclusion that since 1984 the number of people unemployed has decreased. However, it hasn’t been constantly decreasing, it went down in between 1986 and 1990 and then back up again between 1990 and 1993. From here it has steadily gone down from there being 10,000 people unemployed to there only being 3,000 people unemployed in 2004. Ever since 1984 full time workers have been in greater supply then the part time workers. Both full time and part time workers have increased at roughly the same rate with the graph lines almost being parallel. One reason for both sets of workers increasing at the same rate is that there could be a population increase causing there to be more workers getting jobs in both categories. Both of the sets of workers have increased, since 1984 to 2004, by about 2500 people. 2. How has the split between full and part time workers changed? Ever since 1984 full time workers have been in greater supply then the part time workers. Both full time and part time workers have increased at roughly the same rate with the graph lines almost being parallel. One reason for both sets of workers increasing at the same rate is that there could be a population increase causing there to be more workers getting jobs in both categories. Both of the sets of workers have increased, since 1984 to 2004, by about 2500 people. Unemployment differs between the different regions of the UK in quite similar ways. The pattern of unemployment over the year’s looks very similar but with different quantities for the different regions. The North East has the greatest number of unemployed in the duration of the 29 years, whilst the East has on average the lowest number of unemployed. In 2004 the different regions have a lot closer link then ever before with a range of just 2000. 3. How does unemployment differ between different regions in the UK Unemployment differs between the different regions of the UK in quite similar ways. The pattern of unemployment over the year’s looks very similar but with different quantities for the different regions. The North East has the greatest number of unemployed in the duration of the 29 years, whilst the East has on average the lowest number of unemployed. In 2004 the different regions have a lot closer link then ever before with a range of just 2000.

East 1

The Article Review By: Efrain Gonzalez Jr. Law/421 March 10, 2013 Chuck Ward In this article review the author will present an article that specifically related to e-business and intellectual property. The information provided in this review will identify different types of and legal protections for intellectual property. The information describes, provide, and analyze the legal issues of e-business to include intellectual property, privacy, ethics, and security. The first piece of information that will be discussed is various types of legal protections for intellectual property.There are several different types of legal protection for intellectual property, and the primary legal mechanisms for protection of intellectual property are: the patent which only provides one right to disallow others from do things which are allowed in the patent. An example would be, any process being performed using genetic engineering in the United States required a license from Stanford University to US Patent 4,237,244 (the Cohen-Boyer patent) but this expired on December 11, 1997.The copyright would be the next protection that gives authors of published work the ability to be protected by the law of copyright infringement. The protection for copyright is 70 currently 70 years but it also much narrower than the patents because what is actually written down, and derivative works are written down. An example of copyright protection would be a published books, electronic publishing, software, and diagnostic questionnaires. Trademarks would be another protection because the trademarks protect words, names, symbols, sounds, or colors that separate, and analyzes goods and services.The difference with trademarks is that they can be renewed forever, and patents cannot, but as long as it represents and is used for business purposes only. Know-hows are basically the technical knowledge and experience to do certain things, but the difference with know-hows is that there not protected under the law, but it does hold a significance value if one doesn’t understand or isn’t able to practice an invention. Trade secrets are very important and protected because these are secrets among companies who compete with other organizations and the secrets give them an upper hand against the competitors.Trade secrets protect biological materials and software. Masks works is the last protected and it basically is a series of related images whether fixed or encoded. Masks works are similar in protection under the law to copyright. The legal issues of e-business are the rise of internet and global marketing because small business owners do not want to hear about intellectual property right because they feel that it is a waste of time and money, and those two are very important for small business owners.The privacy and security issues of the e- business can start at viruses getting through the computer which can hurt a small business because the customers may not feel comfor table and secure about shopping online due to viruses, spams and emails being sent out to customers and business associates, and the viruses can end up shutting down the organization system through the computer.Hackers can get into financial statements, and different business accounts and personal client information that can lead to major problems like identity theft and a firewall would have to be put in place to block unauthorized individuals access to business information. Loss of important data can also be a major issue for a small business due to privacy and security scandals. A back up protocol would have to be put in place so that the company can regain access to important information, and loss business files needed to effectively run the organization.Ethics also plays a major role in many different issues related to the e business because security and privacy are the number one ethical issues of the e business even though companies are aware of hackers and are protecting the information, the issue is maintain the online security at all times due to expense and new technology allow hackers to become more advanced at hacking through the internet.The privacy issue plays a big part with the e business because the digital storage and back up files leaves behind important information that can be used against the organization, the employees of the organization, the customers of it, and the potential investors that invest in the company. In conclusion this article review has when into detail and explained the different types of laws that fall under protection of the e business, and the legal protection provided within the laws. The review has described and provided examples of each, analyzed the legal issues of e-business to include intellectual property, privacy, ethics, and security.This review has provided every aspect of the law and legal protection under the e business along with the many different issue it faces on a daily basis. References Retrieve from : http://www. nytimes. com/2009/08/06/business/smallbusiness/06guide. html? _r=0 Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/DownloadList. aspx? assetMetaId=975fc4-9d85-4785-93f4-867c4ee6986d&assetDataId=ba00b38d-2bb3-465c-b189-549fe15eedf4 http://www. ebusinesscounsel. com/clients/e-commerce-a-internet-law

Free Essays on The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg

Mark Twain was greatly known for his moralistic and humorous writing. It was often ironic writing that exposed corruption and hypocrisy while examining small-town life in America during the 19th century. A great example of his writing would be, â€Å"The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg.† He uses all of his types of writing including humorous, moralistic, and ironic details of his writing. Many critics gave him great reviews on this short story because of the way he portrayed it to seem just as the place he studied to begin writing it over. Overall many critics admire and praise Twain’s work as well as many other people did and still do. How great of a writer do you think Mark Twain was, lets hear your criticism. Mark Twain was born on November 30, 1835 and died on April 21, 1910 (Bloom, P 48). He was born in Missouri, Florida. His parents were John Marshall Clemens and Jane Langhorne Clemens. His original name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens until he became a professional writer and adopted the name Mark Twain. He also began his writing in the 1850’s.His father John Marshal Clemens was the judge for the town of Hannibal, Missouri. Before he began his literary career he held many diverse jobs ranging from being a river boat pilot and an occasional gold miner to working as a journeyman printer. In the year of 1847 is when he began working as a printer’s apprentice in Hannibal, Missouri, and thereafter began working for his brother Orion’s newspaper. Then in the late 1850’s he began writing for another newspaper and it was called the Keokuk Post (Milne, P 163). Between the years of 1853 through 1856 he traveled to St. Lou is, New York, and Philadelphia as a journeyman printer. Shortly after he apprenticed himself to become a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River and earned his pilot license between the years of 1857 through 1861 (Milne, P156). From there he moved to Nevada with his ... Free Essays on The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg Free Essays on The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg Mark Twain was greatly known for his moralistic and humorous writing. It was often ironic writing that exposed corruption and hypocrisy while examining small-town life in America during the 19th century. A great example of his writing would be, â€Å"The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg.† He uses all of his types of writing including humorous, moralistic, and ironic details of his writing. Many critics gave him great reviews on this short story because of the way he portrayed it to seem just as the place he studied to begin writing it over. Overall many critics admire and praise Twain’s work as well as many other people did and still do. How great of a writer do you think Mark Twain was, lets hear your criticism. Mark Twain was born on November 30, 1835 and died on April 21, 1910 (Bloom, P 48). He was born in Missouri, Florida. His parents were John Marshall Clemens and Jane Langhorne Clemens. His original name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens until he became a professional writer and adopted the name Mark Twain. He also began his writing in the 1850’s.His father John Marshal Clemens was the judge for the town of Hannibal, Missouri. Before he began his literary career he held many diverse jobs ranging from being a river boat pilot and an occasional gold miner to working as a journeyman printer. In the year of 1847 is when he began working as a printer’s apprentice in Hannibal, Missouri, and thereafter began working for his brother Orion’s newspaper. Then in the late 1850’s he began writing for another newspaper and it was called the Keokuk Post (Milne, P 163). Between the years of 1853 through 1856 he traveled to St. Lou is, New York, and Philadelphia as a journeyman printer. Shortly after he apprenticed himself to become a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River and earned his pilot license between the years of 1857 through 1861 (Milne, P156). From there he moved to Nevada with his ...

Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Essays

Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Essays Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Essay Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Essay A budget according to Dry (2008) can be defined as a financial plan for implementing the various decisions that management has made or a quantitative expression of planned activities. In addition, a budget is an estimate of costs, revenues, and resources over a specified period, reflecting a reading of future financial conditions and goals. It an organization, it is one of the most important administrative tools, as it serves as a plan of action for achieving quantified objectives and is a device for coping with foreseeable adverse situations. Budgeting is important in an organization because it helps in setting standards of performance, it plays a critical role in strategic planning and it provides a tool to measure organization results. Budgets usually represent a detailed analysis Of how a company expects to spend money in future time periods. Many companies create budgets on an annual basis so they can carefully outline the expected needs of each department in the business. Losing an annual budget process also limits the amount of time companies spend creating and managing capital resources. On the other hand, there may be a general fear and countermanding about the purpose of the budgetary process and control, as it often regarded as time-consuming, unproductive, ineffective and meaningless rather than it being recognized as a tool for management, in all levels in an organization structure. Managers should be engaged in a detailed planned campaign on education and understanding the importance of budgeting as well as to encourage change from what has become an acceptable culture of imprudence towards budget preparation and suggest ways to make the budgetary process and the information become efficient, effective and meaningful. Total involvement of all managerial levels in budgeting is very important. It is even more necessary to get the participation in budgeting especially at the lowest or supervisory level. Thus, budgeting is no longer seen as the sole responsibility of the chief executive officer, budget officer or as that of the top executive in the company. Rather, all levels of the company will participate in the budgeting process and make commitments to achieving the goals set by the budget. The principal advantage which may accrue from full participation arises mainly from a higher level of motivation. Allowing a person to take an active part in planning and control should result in better co-operation. According to Horseman et al (1999), there are three major benefits of budgeting that states that budgeting compels managers to think ahead by formalizing their responsibilities for planning. It will also provides definite expectations that are the best framework for judging subsequent performance and budgeting aids managers in coordinating their efforts, so that the objectives if the organization as a whole match the objectives. It will also clearly defines areas of responsibility which will require managers of edged centers to take responsibility to achieve the budget target for the operations under their personal control and it should provide a basis of performance appraisal. Budgeting has long been recognized as the accepted procedure for profit planning and many of the most successful companies have applied this procedure. However, the budget practice has been labeled fragmented, conservative, wasteful and ineffective by critics of the budgeting process. Some view holds that budgets are primarily concerned with the allocation of cash to specific activities, and the expected outcome of business orientations and that they do not deal with more subjective issues, such as the quality of products or services provided to customers. These other issues can be stated as part of the budget, but this is not typically done. Also, when a company creates an annual budget, the senior management team may decide that the focus of the organization for the next year will be entirely on meeting the targets outlined in the budget. This can be a problem if the market shifts in a different direction sometime during the budget year. In this case, the company should shift along with the market, rather than adhering to the budget. Furthermore, an experienced manager may attempt to introduce budgetary slack, which involves deliberately reducing revenue estimates and increasing expense estimates, so that he can easily achieve favorable variances against the budget. This can be a serious problem, and requires considerable oversight to spot and eliminate. This concept and critic of budgeting has cast serious doubts on the need for a detailed and rigorously-enforced budgeting system, especially one that integrates the budget model with bonus plans. Nonetheless, the decision to install a budget is up to the management of the company. Management may opt to include a budget justification which is a narrative explanation Of each of the components of the budget, which justifies the cost in terms of the Budgeting has long been recognized as the accepted procedure for profit planning and many of the most successful companies have applied this procedure. However, the budget practice has been labeled fragmented, conservative, wasteful and ineffective by critics of the budgeting process. Some view holds that budgets are primarily concerned with the allocation of cash to specific activities, and the expected outcome of business transactions and that they o not deal with more subjective issues, such as the quality of products or services provided to customers. These other issues can be stated as part of the budget, but this is not typically done. Also, when a company creates an annual budget, the senior management team may decide that the focus of the organization for the next year will be entirely on meeting the targets outlined in the budget. This can be a problem if the market shifts in a different direction sometime during the budget year. In this case, the company should shift along with the market, rather than adhering to the budget. Furthermore, an experienced manager may attempt to introduce budgetary slack, which involves deliberately reducing revenue estimates and increasing expense estimates, so that he can easily achieve favorable variances against the budget. This can be a serious problem, and objectifications which is a narrative explanation of each of the components of the budget, which justifies the cost in terms of the proposed work. The explanations should focus on how each budget item is required to achieve the aims of the project and how the estimated costs in the budget is submitted, all items in the budget should be justified. Reposed work. The explanations should focus on how each budget item is required to achieve the aims of the project and how the estimated costs in the budget is submitted, all items in the budget should be justified. However, even though budgeting will be beneficial to the organization, it also has limitations in its preparation. The budget can be seen as pressure devices imposed by management resulting in bad labor relations and inaccurate accounting record keeping. There may be existence of departmental conflicts that may arise due to the allocation of resources and various department may be lamed when the target set have not be achieved. The company will have difficult to reconcile against the companys goals and individual goals and managers may overestimate costs so that they will not be blamed in the future should they overspend on the expenses and revenues. In most large organizations they will ensure that various type of budget are prepared to keep track of all expenses and incomes for the businesses. It will also help managers and account for a construct their annual report. The ability to budget effectively is an important element in order for an organization becoming successful. There are several types of budgets used in the business may take any of these names; master budget, an operational budget , general cash flow budget, capital budget , and financial budget which will be defined below (Hormone et al 1999). Master Budget: This type of budget is comprehensive estimation on how management expects to conduct all aspects of business that will cover the budgetary period for a period of one year. It will summarize the estimated activity by cash budget, budgeted income statement and balance sheet. It includes interrelated budgets from various departments which managers will use as a subset budget to plan and et performance objectives. This type of budget will used in large organization to ensure managers are kept on the same level. Operational Budget: An operational budget is the most common type of budget used. It forecasts and tries to closely predict yearly revenue and expense for the business. The budget can be updated with actual figures on a monthly basis and then you can revise your figures for the year, if needed. Cash Plow Budget: A cash flow budget details the amount of cash that will be collect and pay out. This is generally tallied on a monthly basis, but some businesses tabulate this weekly. In this budget, you track your sales and other receivables from income sources and contrast those against how much you will pay to suppliers and expenses. When there is a positive cash flow, it indicates that the business is growing. Capital Budget: The capital budget helps you to figure out how much money you will need to put in place for new equipment or procedures to launch new products or increase production or services. This budget estimates the value of capita purchases you need for your business to grow and increases revenues. Financial Budget: The financial budget will explain how the business will receives and spend the money achieved on a corporate scale from their capital expenditure. They will need to manage their assets which will have significant effect of the financial health on the company. However, managers will use this budget to help with leverage financing and value the company for mergers and public offering Of stocks. Budgets serve a variety of functions which includes planning, evaluating performance, coordinating activities, communicating, motivating and authorizing actions. A properly used budget can provide a benchmark or comparison point that alerts management to the first indication that their financial goals are unattainable. Four elements must be present in order for a budget to provide this type of information and control. Firstly the budget must be well envisioned, and prepared or approved by management, whilst secondly the budget must be broken down into periods corresponding to that periods financial statements. Thirdly throughout the year the financial statements must be prepared on a timely basis and a comparison made to the budget and fourthly management must be prepared to take action where ever the comparison with the budget indicates a significant deviation. The budget process plays an important role in the planning, decision-making ND controls within the organization. Therefore, it is essential for the company to improve the budgeting process in order to have a better understanding of the strategic goals, garner more coordinated support for those goals, and to improve the ability of the company to respond quickly to competition. There are several ways to improve the budget process. These are as follows: Link budget developments to corporate strategy Design procedures that allocate resources strategically. Tie incentives to performance measures other than meeting budget targets. Link cost management efforts to budgeting. Reduce budget complexity and cycle time Develop budgets that accommodate change The budget expresses how resources will be allocated and what measures will be used to evaluate progress, the budget development is more effective when linked to overall corporate strategy. Linking the two gives all managers and employees a clearer understanding of strategic goals. This understanding in turn, leads to greater support for goals, better coordination of tactics, and, ultimately, to stronger accompanied performance. To create this link, companies must communication their strategies to employees. Top management must take the lead in developing and communicating strategic goals. However, to develop those goals, top management needs information about customers, competitors, economic and technological change information that must come from customer-contact and support units. Companies that establish effective channels for communication find it easier to set challenging yet achievable strategic goals. Setting goals before budgeting begins makes it easier for budget developers at all levels. When this happens, budget developers create from the start budgets that support strategic goals and that, therefore, need fewer revisions. Budget development then becomes not only faster and less costly but also far less frustrating. Many companies still evaluate managers primarily on how closely they hit budget targets. While this may seem logical, in reality this type of one- dimensional evaluation tempts managers to win by playing games with budget targets. Such game playing isnt always in the companys best interest. For many companies, meeting budget targets is secondary to other performance measures. Such companies use a balanced set of performance measures to chart progress toward strategic goals, and use the same assure in their incentive programs. This reinforces the importance of key strategies and communicates what results will be rewarded. At many companies, business unit managers are involved in identifying the measures that are most relevant for their operations. Typically, some measures are financial, while others track progress in other efforts. For example, an appropriate nonofficial measure for one business unit may be product defect rate; for another, speed to market for new products. Once the measures are identified, higher-level management clarifies what targets each manager is expected to meet. Managers and employees receive training on the companys incentive program so that they understand the reason behind the rewards. By linking cost management efforts to budgeting, companies improve the quality of information available for managers to use in developing their budgets. Accurate cost information is fundamental to budgeting. Companies that use accurate cost management techniques and provide budget developers with ready access to cost information improve both the accuracy and the speed of their budget process. Companies strive to reduce budget complexity and streamline budgeting procedures. Such streamlining allows management to collect budget information, make allocation decisions, and communicate final targets in less time, at lower cost, and with less disruption to the companys core activities. By controlling the number of budgets that are needed and by standardizing budgeting methods, companies take important steps toward streamlining budgeting. Another key step is to minimize the amount of detail included in the reports used to develop budgets. Also, in their effort to streamline budgeting, leading companies use information technology to automate budgeting and facilitate workflow. These companies make sure that budget developers are thoroughly trained in new technologies. This training, together with ongoing monitoring of information needs accompanied, helps best practice companies deliver the right information to managers, on time and at the right cost. By developing budgets that accommodate change, companies can respond to competitive threats or opportunities more quickly and with greater precision. They can use resources efficiently to take advantage of the most promising opportunities. Furthermore, knowing that budgets have some flexibility frees budget developers from the need to pad budgets to over a wide variety of possible developments. This leads to leaner, more realistic budgets. Companies typically review budgets quarterly, monthly, or even weekly. By including in these reviews reports on changes in business conditions, companies alert managers that new tactics may be called for, if they are to meet their targets for the year. While it is important that budgets not be revised to cover up for poor performance or poor planning, best practice companies choose to revise budgets rather than adhere to budgets that do not reflect current conditions. Some companies rely on rolling or continuous forecasts rather than on traditional annual budgets. The chief difference between such forecasts and traditional budgets is that the forecast is updated with actual results as the company moves through the year. Figures for three or more subsequent quarters are projected in decreasing degree of detail. One way in which companies build flexibility into budgets is to prioritize according to strategic importance action plans that were rejected due to resource limitations. By doing this, they can act swiftly and decisively if additional resources become available. Another way in which companies evolve budgets that accommodate change is to require managers to create scenarios based on a variety of assumptions about business conditions. The affordability of powerful information technology allows for the creation of many what if scenarios. This practice makes it possible for companies to respond more quickly and effectively if actual conditions follow the pattern of a particular scenario. Companies also build flexibility into budgets by setting aside funds at the business-unit level to take advantage of competitive opportunities. Some companies even establish separate subsidiaries to look onto promising products or technologies. It is imperative that the budget be viewed as an essential tool to help companies to formulate better strategies for achieving its goals and objectives. The strategic planning is the long term plan of an organization and the budget is the short-term plan that contains more detail regarding the business operations. The budget is viewed as the blueprint or plan for the entire business which is prepared for the future period which it is designed by estimating and forecasting future trends in the market. The budget is used to evaluate the actual performance of a company r a section of the company with desirable performance which is based on a budget. It also provides information to the shareholders or investors so they may determine whether the business is a potential investment. Therefore, an excellent budget process should have the ability to convert objectives and desirable goods or future estimated outcomes into data. The budget should also be viewed as one way of positively influencing the behavior of managers within the organization as there are very few, if any decision and actions that managers can take which do not have some financial effect and which will nor abstinently be reflected in a comparison between budgeted and actual result. The nature of budgets is probably the most important advantage that a budgeting process has over most other systems in a typical organization. The ability to budget effectively is a very important part of being successful organization. This will been done through the exercise of preparing a budget which enables managers to promote planning, obtain directions, to make reasonable forecasts which will be serve as a monitoring tool which will predict financial support, promote communication and coordination, titivates and serves as a tool for evaluation and performance and ultimately determine how well the groups mission statement will be accomplished. In piloting the affairs of the organization a budget can be an extremely important and effective tool for management. However, to prepare a meaningful budget the organization must know where it is heading, its goals and objectives. As priorities change people should be involved in the budget preparation and approval process to ensure the resulting budget is fully supported as a budget is a tool of management, not a substitute for management.