Literature Review Essay Example

Literature Review Essay Example Literature Review Essay Literature Review Essay so they remained homeless after being released from hospital Choose make up h of Pl in hospitals and 1/16 of Pl in maximum security prisons Biological cause (c. F. Mineral paresis) Freud supported this view. Others blamed families for creating stressful environments that led to schizophrenia Characteristics Auditory hallucinations†hear voices that arent really there, no real external stimuli delusions, thought disorderspreposterous ideas, unable to make good decisions Language typicalitys†grammatically correct but doesnt really make sense Ex) If you had a star on your head, would you swallow marbles? Poverty of speech/ language Incoherent,go off on tangents Irrelevant Mix up and misuse homonyms (sense and cents; sea and see) Made up words Dress strangely, odd sleep patterns Suspicion of others, irrational fears Drug Treatments French gudgeon during French invasion of Indo China found that many soldiers were raving about pain and hallucinating. Used Throatier/Chlorinating Throatier decreased hallucinations and raving†but did not cure schizophrenia Thought to impact dopamine Some adverse side effects† slows down the person, passive, zombie like involuntary movements or ticks Cellophane (more recent drug) avoids passivity side effects inhibits serotonin and dopamine down side: 1-2 % experienced dramatic loss of white blood cells which resulted in decreased disease resistance Expensive Pl felt like they had woken up from a really long nap†this is stressful b/c feel like have done nothing with past 30 years of life Exodus from State Hospitals With new drug treatments, many symptoms of schizophrenia disappear 30% Pl are treatment resistant, and 30% have some chichi flare ups Genetics Chances that a person will have chichi: If both parents are chichi: 46 % chance Identical twin: 46-50% chance General population: 1% chance 1 parent has chichi: 5. % Sibling: Fraternal twin: 9% Things involved other than genes†could be a virus or environmental response. Evaluate situation out of hospital: Positive home life = decreased possibility of recurrence Stressful home life = increased likelihood to be back in mental hospital Debate b/w: Psychological approach Psychosocial variables that may be origin (Personal experience or early childhood experience) Biological approach Genetic predisposition Hormones Can visualize brain and see differences inboard of identical twins, one healthy and one with schizophrenia The one with chichi has larger ventricles, showing a loss of brain tissue Chichi is change in brain structure Actually, it is an interaction b/w the two approaches And possibly a cultural factor too Lenience Symptoms: Persistent sad moods, guild, worthlessness, decreased energy, difficulties sleeping, change in weight, aches, pains, suicidal thoughts Dont get out of bed for days Statistics: Single largest debilitating disorder†4. 8 million Pl 17% of US population Sex difference†women are more likely (20%) than men (10%) As a side note†autism also favors males If only have 1 major episode: 50% chance you will have another If 2: 70% chance you will have another If 3: 90% chance you will have another Expensive†loss of productivity in economy b/c Pl take of work; results in billions of dollars lost Cross cultural differences Ex) Iraq†chronically stressful environment 0 increased likelihood of having major depressive episode May be some genetic component Onset†learned helplessness If gradual deterioration of loved one (like a parent), and the person feels as though hey cant do anything to change the situation. Then, they move in with the sick relative, away from their network of friends and co-workers If the loved one dies, then depression is likely Unpopular Depression Depressive episodes bipolar Depression (manic depressive) incredible mood swings, mania; little sleep; think they can take on the world and have risky behavior during these highs and then a massive low point afterwards Martin salesman? learned helplessness ex. Nursing homes Behavioral Psychotherapy and Social-Learning Approach l. Behavior Modification A. Rewards and punishment 1 . Victor, the wild child (dart), very first use of rewards and punishments 2. Rewards and chronic schizophrenia (Alone and Czarina), had to distinguish what was considered a reward for each person II. Trauma to Anxiety and Phobia when things that co-occur with a trauma can cause a phobic reaction A. Classical conditioning Pavlov, a bell or noise that co- occurred with the presentation of meat to a dog, eventually Just the bell sound alone will cause the dog to salivate B. Systematic desensitizing method of exposing someone gradually to their phobia Ill. Social-Learning Theory (Bandanna)