Differentiation Between Respiration and Breathing

Differentiation Between Respiration and BreathingReport The note between respiration and ventilation system and an explanation of the adaptation of the alveoli and their role in gas exchange.IntroductionThis report will explore the differences between respiration and breathing by defining their structures and functions and attaching a hand drawn diagram of the respiratory tract to refer to. The author will as well as give an explanation of how gasses atomic number 18 exchanged through with(predicate) the alveoli by providing a table explaining the composition of inhaled and exhaled line. A description of the adaptations of the alveoli will be provided to video display how they maximise the effectiveness of gas exchange. A summary will past be drawn from the findings.Differences between respiration and breathingThe Respiratory System (Appendix .1)The respiratory system consists of tissue papers and also organs that military service with the process of breathing. The core part s of this important system are the airways, lungs, linked origination vessels, and also the muscular tissues that completelyow breathing.AirwaysThe airways are pipes that have got oxygen to the lungs. They also carry waste gas, such as carbon dioxide out of the lungs. The airways consists of linked air passages in the nose, (called nasal cavities), the mouth, Larynx (voice box), the trachea (windpipe) and lastly tubes named bronchi or also cognise as bronchial tubes, and also their branches. Air send aways into the body through the mouth and nose, which warms and also wets the air. (Dry cold air can irritate the lungs causing problems for asthma sufferers). The air then moves down the Larynx and through the trachea. The windpipe splits into two bronchial tubes, the ait moves through here and then enters the lungs (Remedy Health Media, 2015).A thin flap of tissue named the epiglottis, covers the windpipe when swallowing. This prevents both food and drink from entering the air pa ssageways that lead to the lungs, if this failed to be successful an individual could die. With an exception of some parts of the nose and the mouth, all of the other airways have special hairs known as cilia that are coated with tacky/sticky mucus. These cilia trap foreign particles and germs that enter the airways when breathing in. These tiny, fine hairs then collect the particles up to the mouth or nose. From there, theyre swallowed, sneezed or coughed out. Nose hairs and mouth saliva also trap germs and particles.Lungs and Blood VesselsRemedy Health Media (2015), also allude that linked blood vessels and also the lungs carry oxygen to the human body and also remove carbon dioxide. The lungs are situated on either incline of the breastbone and fill the area of the chest cavity. The left hand lung is ever so slightly smaller than the right hand lung to allow room for the cardiac muscle (heart). In both lungs, the bronchi divide into thousands of thinner tubes known as bronchiol es and these thin tubes end in bunches of tiny rounded air sacs known as alveoli. Each of the alveoli are covered with little blood vessels known as capillaries. The capillaries connect to a complex system of veins and arteries that transport blood through the hearty body.The pulmonary artery including also its branches carry blood which is holding only carbon dioxide and no oxygen to the capillaries that surround the alveoli. In font the alveoli, carbon dioxide transfers from the blood into the air. In conjunction with this, oxygen transfers from the air and into the blood within the capillaries. The blood which is now carrying the oxygen moves to the heart through the pulmonary vein and also its branches. The cardiac muscle pumps the blood holding the oxygen out to the body. The lungs are separated into five sections known as lobes. Some individuals have to have a diseased lung lobe removed, and they can still breathe sufficiently by using their remaining lung lobes.Muscles Used for BreathingHuman Kinetics (2015), state that muscles situated near to the lungs care expand (loosen) and contract, (tighten) the lungs to allow breathing. These muscles comprise of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles and muscles in the neck and also collarbone area. The diaphragm is the main muscle for breathing and is dome-shaped and located at a lower place the lungs. It divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.They also explain that the intercostal muscles are positioned between the ribs. They also play a huge part in dowery with our breathing. Beneath the diaphragm are the abdominal muscles. They sponsor with breathing out when we breathe fast (for example, during exercise). Muscles in the neck and also collarbone area help with inhalation when other muscles involved in breathing dont work as well as they should, or when lung disease impairs breathing capacity.BreathingInhalationHyper natural philosophy (2012), explain that during inhalation, the diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves down which maximises the space in the chest, allowing room for the lungs to expand. The intercostal muscles situated in between the ribs also help to enlarge the chest. They contract to move the rib cage both up and out when inhaling. As the lungs capacity increases, air is drawn in through the mouth and nose. The air makes its way through the windpipe and enters the lungs. After making its way through the bronchial tubes, the air finally reaches and moves into the alveoli.Through the extremely thin walls of the alveoli, oxygen taken from the air moves to the capillaries. Haemoglobin, a red blood cell protein aids the movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood. In conjunction with this, carbon dioxide travels from the capillaries into the alveoli. The gas has travelled in the bloodstream from the right side of the heart through the pulmonary artery. Blood carrying oxygen from the lungs is carried through the capillaries to the pulmo nary vein which delivers the oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart pumps the blood to the rest of the body. There, the oxygen in the blood moves from blood vessels into surrounding tissues (Hyper physics, 2012).ExhalationDuring the act exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up and into the chest cavity. The intercostal muscles which sit between the ribs also relax to decrease the space available within the chest cavity. As this available space in the chest cavity reduces, air rich in carbon dioxide is forced out of the lungs and then windpipe, and lastly out of the mouth or nose (Boundless Biology, 2015).Exhalation requires no effort unless lung disease is apparent or physical activity is taking place. During physically activity, the stomach muscles contract and force the diaphragm against the lungs more than usual which rapidly pushes air out of the lungs (Boundless Biology, 2015).The adaptations of the alveoli and their role in gas exchang eGas exchangeAn exchange of gases takes place within the alveoli, between the gases inside the alveoli and the blood. Blood that arrives in the alveoli has a greater carbon dioxide tautness which is produced duringrespirationby the bodys cells. However, the air in the alveoli has a much smaller concentration of carbon dioxide, resulting in a concentration inclinewhich allows carbon dioxide todiffuseout of the blood and into the alveolar air (Intel, 2014).Also according to Intel (2014), blood arriving in the alveoli has a lower oxygen concentration (as it has been utilise for respiration by the bodys cells), while the air in the alveoli has a higher oxygen concentration. Therefore, oxygen moves into the blood by diffusion and combines with the haemoglobinin red blood cells to form the combined oxyhaemoglobin.This table taken from BBC (2014), shows the differences (estimated figures) in the composition of inhaled and exhaled air.Adaptations of the alveoliAccording to ABPI (2015), to maximise the effectiveness of gas exchange, the alveoli have legion(predicate) adaptations such as, they are folded, providing a much greatersurface areafor gas exchange to occur. Also the walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick which makes the exchange surface very thin shortening the diffusion distance across which gases have to move.Each alveolus is surrounded by bloodcapillarieswhich learn a good blood supply. This is important as the blood is constantly taking oxygen away and bringing in more carbon dioxide, which helps to hold the maximum concentration gradient between the blood and the air in the alveoli. Lastly each alveolus isventilated, removing waste carbon dioxide and replenishing oxygen levels in the alveolar air. This also helps to maintain the maximum concentration gradient between the blood and the air in the alveoli (ABPI, 2015).SummaryThis report has explored the differences between respiration and breathing by defining their structures and functions. T he author has also give an explanation of how gasses are exchanged through the alveoli by providing a table explaining the composition of inhaled and exhaled air. A description of the adaptations of the alveoli has been provided to show how they maximise the effectiveness of gas exchange.BibliographyAbout. Com (2015) Online unattached from http//backandneck.about.com/od/breathing/a/breathingvencir_2.htm Accessed 5th whitethorn 2015.BBC GCSE Bitesize (2014) Online Available from http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev1.shtml Accessed 5th May 2015.Boundless Biology (2015) Online Available from https//www.boundless.com/ biological science/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-respiratory-system-39/breathing-221/the-mechanics-of-human-breathing-838-12083/ Accessed 5th May 2015.Boyle, M, Indge, B and Senior, K. 1999. Human Biology. London Harper Collins.Human Kinetics (2015) Online Available from http//www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/exc erpts/learn-the-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-muscles-involved-in-breathing Accessed 5th May 2015.Hyper Physics (2012) Online Available from http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/respir.html Accessed 5th May 2015.Intel Corporation (2014) Online Available from http//inteleducationresources.intel.co.uk/content/KeyStage3/Biology/PC/LearningSteps/AOALC/LO_Template.swf Accessed 5th May 2015.Joeseph, C. 2014. Anatomy. Ivy Press.Modelo Dynamic Views (2013) Online Available from http//ibbiology2012.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/describe-features-of-alveoli-that-adapt.html Accessed 5th May 2015.Preserve Articles (2012) Online Available from http//www.preservearticles.com/201101133233/difference-between-breathing-and-respiration.html Accessed 5th May 2015.Remedy Health Media (2015) Online Available from http//www.healthcommunities.com/pulmonology-anatomy/respiratory-tract-anatomy.shtml Accessed 5th May 2015.Ricardo Espulgas (2015) Online Available from http//www.sci-culture.com/advancedp oll/GCSE/differencebetweenbreathingandrespiration.htm Accessed 5th May 2015.Roberts, A. 2014. Human Anatomy, The Definitive visual Guide. Dorling Kindersley Limited.The association of the Pharmaceutical Industry ABPI (2015) Online Available from http//www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/breathingandasthma/asthma4.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1 Accessed 5th May 2015.Wen MD (2005-2015) Online Available from http//www.webmd.com/lung/pulmonary-vascular-disease Accessed 5th May 2015.Dominique Rundle

Managing the individual performance within organisations

Managing the individual death penalty within organisationsManaging individual surgical procedure in organisations has foc utilisationd on estimating surgical process and distributing reward, with effective instruction execution which is squargon offn as a result of interaction between individual ability and motivation. By and large, it is recognised that planning and enabling performance train a slender effect on individual performance. Managers use several techniques to find out performance and front of employees. execution idea is process which is taken by managers to review performance and formalize it. Performance focussing has critical effect on individual performance and in this oddb completely also on ships comp any goals. In this part of assignment performance approximation and performance related pay will be described in depth.Pay St sum upgyProvide market competitive requital that incorporates both bread and non- earnings returnss, such as healthc be, r etirement, life insurance, disability insurance, annual and sick leave, and former(a) optional benefits.To assist in the administration of compensation plans, most organizations utilize any(prenominal) type of formal pay social system. A formal pay structure provides the frame wee-wee and formal structure for assessing jobs and assemblageing similar jobs together.Factors used in grouping jobs within a pay structure often includecomplexnessResponsibilityLevel of SuspensionAccountabilityOrganisational impactMarket ValueThe two most common forms of pay structures atomic number 18 Grades and Bands.The distance between the stripped-down and maximum of a pay extend is called the range spread. Grades typically be possessed of very narrow range spreads, whileBands have very broad range spreads. This has led to the comm only if used barrier of broad curing to describe the range of pay rates within a structure using a band approach. (http//www.hr.vt.edu/compensation/HYPERLINK http//ww w.hr.vt.edu/compensation/compmgt/comp_philosophy/index.htmlcompmgt/comp_philosophy/index.html)For those employees who were with Virginia Tech around 1999 2000, you may remember when the state switched from pay grades to pay bands. Unlike the old pay grade system where an addition in responsibilities often meant a promotion to the next pay grade, pay bands represent a much broader range of divergent types of jobs and levels of responsibility. As you can divulge in the illustration below, in a grade system Job A and Job B are in different pay grades.However, in pay band system such as we currently have at Virginia Tech, JobA and Job B are in the uniform pay band. Please notice however that even though the pay band is the equivalent, there is still a significant difference in the mark pay level due to the differences in the level of responsibility and job content of the two jobs. (http//www.hr.vt.edu/compensation/compmgt/comp_philosophy/index.html)The key points here areIts not undeniable to be moved from one band to an different in order to receive a significant salary increase andJust because two positions have different levels of responsibility/complexity/etc, does not necessarily mean that they should be different pay brands.Figure 2. Pay Structure Grades and Bandswww.hr.vt.edu/compensation/compmgt/images/L_grades_bands_med.jpgimgrefurlPerformance assessmentRobert Bacal, Performance Management A Briefcase Book, (1999, p.12) tells Performance appraisal is usually considered to be the process and time when manager and employee sit down to review the employees performance everywhere the last year, or month, or even shorter time spans. Most of the time people think of it as a once a year event, which is a recipe for disaster. Traditionally performance appraisal systems have provided a formalised process to review employee performance. This normally requires the manager and employee to take part in a performance review meeting.Why Should You Appraise P erformanceAccording to Dessler and Walker (1999, p.452) there are several reasons to appraise performance. First, appraisals provide information upon which promotion and salary decisions can be made. Second, they provide an opportunity for you and your subordinate to review the subordinates work-related behaviour. This in free rein lets both of you develop a plan for correcting any deficiencies the appraisal index unearth, and reinforce the things the subordinate does right. Finally, the appraisal should be central to your companys career plan because it provides a good opportunity to review employees career plans in light of their exhibited strengths and weaknesses.Performance Appraisal System flowIn performance appraisal meetings, several of manners are used to document, or record, or summarize performance discussions, rating scales, critical incident summaries, etc. All these methods are gathered and processed by similar system flow. P.A Handbook (1995, p.8) describes performa nce appraisal system flow planningDeveloping Employee Performance Appraisal Plans (EPAP)Elements Standards (Benchmark Performance Standards)Employee ParticipationDocumenting Elements and StandardsMonitoringFeedback during the Performance YearProgress ReviewsDeveloping EmployeesFormal DevelopmentInformal Development orderEligibilityInterim AppraisalsRating Critical ElementsRating of RecordDiscussion with EmployeeReconsideration ProcessAction Based on Performance reward Performance link to Other Personnel ActionsDealing with Poor PerformanceFigure 1. The Performance Appraisal Cycle (John Shields, 2007, p 23, Managing employee performance and reward)As seem above performance appraisals are essential for the effective oversight and evaluation of staff. Appraisals help develop individuals, mitigate organizational performance and feed into business planning. Performance appraisals also typically feed into organizational annual pay and grading reviews, which commonly also happen at the s ame time the business planning for the next employment year. Performance appraisals are also essential for career and succession planning, staff motivation, attitude and behavior development, communicating and aligning individual and organizational aims and encouraging arbitrary relationships between management and staff.Goals of the Performance Appraisal SystemAccording to Beer, Russell and Ralph (1995, 23) the process of performance management is one of the most important leadership responsibilities. The performance appraisal system has three primary goalsProvide a helpful structure, open and honest communication between the employee and his/her supervisorImprove employee development through performance feedback and through the identification of future professional development activitiesMeasure and document job performance as a basis for making promotion, compensation and other personnel management decisionsDessler (2006, p.336) Managing employee performance is an integral part of the work that all managers and rating officials perform throughout the year. It is as important as managing financial resources and plan outcomes because employee performance has an extreme effect on both the financial and program components of any organization.Beer, Russell and Ralph (1994, p.24) the effectiveness of appraisal systems hinges on a range of different factors. iii most common reasons for plumpure of an appraisal system areUnclear performance criteriaPoor information sharing and connection with the bossAppraiser abstracted information on the managers real performanceOther problems are a lack of ongoing performance feedback, a lack of focus on management development, the review process lacking structure, etc.According to C evaluateon and Beardwell (2007, p.511) The purpose of performance planning, review and appraisal need to be made clear if employees at all levels in the organization are to play an active part in the process. It is possible that some employees and line managers may meet performance appraisal schemes with distrust, distrust and fear, but an integrated effective process can lead to increased organizational performance and employee motivation. It is important for employees to be genuinely involved in the flesh of an appraisal scheme, the evaluation of performance, and the objective-setting process. An appraisal scheme should be set up in an atmosphere of openness, with agreement between management, employees and employee representatives on the design of the scheme. Employees need to have a clear understanding of the purpose of the process.However applying performance appraisal its own is not really worthy. Other performance management systems and performance appraisal systems should put in practice as a solid. Robert Bacal , Performance Management A Briefcase Book,(1999, p. 34)Pay for PerformanceCoy (2009, p.S7) in challenging economies it is believed that keeping employees golden is essential for organizations perform ance. To do this, tying employees pay to their performance is widely popular. Indeed, with the emphasis on competitiveness, productivity, and the trend for virtually all employers is to tie at least some portion of their employees pay to employees and companys performance.In most theoretical models of HRM, pay is essential on the regulation of the employment relationship. Academician, policy makers, and corporate leaders recognize the trouble of appraising the use of reward systems as a key element in the pursuit of substantive HRM goals of obligation, flexibility and calibre.Pay for performance is a puppet which HR professionals can wield in an effort to retain their best. When it is carefully applied, pay for performance systems can systematically link with employee goal achievement, providing very particular proposition incentives for employee behavior that are in line with broader organizational objectives.(Bratton and Gold, 2007, p238)Figure 3. A Model of Reward Management ( Bratton and Gold, 2001, p246)Advantages of PFPIt is not difficult to see why PFP has attracted the interest of managers, consultants and goernment ministers. Bratton and Gold (2007, p.455) describes its theoretical attractions are considerable and include the following reasonsAttracting good performanceHewlett-Packard (Case study 1) In the early 90s, Hewlett-Packard seemed a perfect setting for innovations in pay. A so-called built-to-last company, it was highly decentralized and enjoyed a sense of mutual trust, high commitment, and wide use of management by objectives. The workforce was salaried and the merit system was based on peer comparisons at the salaried level. There were no executive tributees. Stock options were awarded as identification. plainly there was also a lot of pressure in the company, said Beer. Managers of thirteen units took the initiative of appealing to headquarters to try something new to spur on their employees. According to Beer, managers in many compan ies look to pay-for-performance for good reasons. They expect that it will attract and motivate people. They expect performance standards will outweigh the costs of whatever incentives they put in place. They also want protection against business exigencies should the market go south, they dont want to be permanently stuck with new costs. (Lagace, 2003)Increasing in eccentric individual performanceMcDonalds (Case study 2) Base pay, rewards pay, and rewards program follows as Pay For Performance its the best results and great opportunities pay. Employees base pay is the most portion of their compensation. McDonalds incarnate the competitiveness of their base pay through an annual review from both external market data and internal peer data. Moreover, they have a broadbanding compensation system that allows for flexibility in term of pay, movement and growth. In addition, incentive pay provides to their employees with the opportunity to earn compensation when their performance meet and exceed goals. The extensive term of incentives are granted to eligible employees to both reward and retain key employees who have shown sustained performance and can impact long term value creation at McDonalds.(http//www.scribd.com/doc/13396918/Performance-Appraisal)Enhancing communicationBMW (Case study 3) In 2001, the new motivator payment arrangement applied for production employees in the Germany and UK operations. The allowance system applied to all 36,000 production employees who operated with defined performance targets. On top of the basic salary a fixed 25% additional bonus was paid to all employees for meeting prearranged quotas. This quota involved producing a set number of units to the companys quality standards by a workforce of an concord size. Employees in each group were consulted and invited to comment on whether the quotas that were realistic and achievable. In addition, employees could also earn extra pay through a personal supplement, that was payable i f an individual contributed to the group results. Expectations and particular(prenominal) goals were discussed and agreed in talks between the employee and the supervisor. Thus, an individuals contribution to the group was discussed every year and this assessment determined the personal supplement received. (Boddy. 1998 P. 283)Improving motivationThe Christmas bonus at Gourmet Foods (Case study 4) for many years that Gourmet Foods never have Christmas bonus when Andrew Straw appointed as a managing director, he fixed to give 70 extra for Christmas bonus to all 120 staffs. When they heard the news everyone is very excited and looking forward to it without knowing of the amount of the bonus. later on they got the pay slips they very disappointed because they feel it is too small. When their managing director effectuate out about this he wish he did not give it to them and turn it into new packaging equipment quite.. (Leopold, Harris and Watson, 2005, Page 218)Strengthening manage ment controlEntre Computer Services (Case study 5) Entre Computer Services founded by Ed Souders in 1980s. Souders is a former worker of IBM so he adopted many methods from it including appraisal, pay-for-performance, and sales events incentives. Unfortunately, in the 1990s, his business was falling down and almost faced bankruptcy. He pertinacious to make some changes. Using the Deming philosophy along with new strategies can improve sale performances and profits. He created trusting and working relationship. Encouraged more teamwork and slight self driven so that his workers gain more passion and happiness toward their job. There are 4 main goals of this methodEnsure maximum productivity of the Support Team.Ensure the Personal Development of the Support Team.Ensure that Support Team members understand what their job responsibilities are.Ensure employees are as happy as they could possibly be while at work.(Mary Jenkins, 2002, p.176-178)Identifying developmental objectsStrengthe ning the individual employment relationship at the expense of collectiveGainsharing at Southern calcium Edison (SCE) (Case study 6) In 1994, electricity industry was removed from government control. That made the market more competitive. Therefore, SCE needed to change its compensation for competition. The change was the introduction of a Gainsharing arrangement. Employees were invited to sacrifice 5% of their basic salaries in return for up to 10% gainshare if the organization reaches profits targets. 100% of employees agreed to the plan. Most of them tested to create ideas to surrender money. For instance, employees agreed to wash their own overalls. The outcome was that the scheme generated an estimate $96 one thousand million and $40 million was paid out to employees. More important, the scheme vie its part in getting employees focused on what was important in working cost-effectively and being involved in designing effective working methods. (Stredwick, 2005 P.355-356)Reward ing employees without needing to promote them.The Jennings Ford Accident Repair Centre (Case study 7) In the early 1890s Jennings main hobby was repairing and trading bicycles, moving into premises black eye the old Bridge Street showroom for sale of motorcars employing 6 people in 1911. The company, by meeting Ford Motor Companys exacting standards, was appointed an authorize dealer for Ford Motor Cars in 1917.The Jennings Ford Accident Repair Centre in Gateshead has received a reward from Ford Motor Company. continuing to achieve and improve sales within the centre at the Eslington Park dealership has resulted in a reward for Jennings loyal and dedicated centre manger. The manager said They constantly strive to provide the best possible service to their customer and they are always looking at the ways how to future improve internal systems and procedures. (http//www.jennings-ford.co.uk/ )Drawbacks of PFPMost of us are happy to see individuals rewarded for exceptional performanc e or effort and would like payment decisions to be based on such criteria. The problem arises when attempts are made to put the principles in practice. Wiscombe (2001) says that a system which is fair and objective in theory can easily fail to achieve when implemented. Arguing that PFP can have a role to play in organizations, but its positive effects are limited. Moreover, while not essentially flawed. PFP is difficult to implement effectively in practice. As a result, system fails as often as they succeed. The major reasons of failures areEmployees concentrate on their salary and bonuses instead of their jobs.Most of the staff is demotivated when they are told their ratings.Gallery Furniture Company (Case study 8) Jim Mclngvale, the owner-President of Gallery Furniture Company applied Dr. Demings advice to his business. In 1991, he took commissions, bonuses, and incentives of his sale persons but put it in to their salaries instead. These amazingly increase sales, profits and cus tomer satisfactions however, some sales people left the company because of disappointments but it still benefit the business in the long run. He also took the appraisal system off because he believes that his employees are not students. He treats his workers with respects and they do the same toward him.(Mary Jenkins, 2002, p.170-171)People focus on their own objectives instead of cooperation with colleagues.Some managers change ratings for political reasons.When the results have an impact on pay levels, employees tend to downplay their weakness. As a result development needs are not discussed or addressed.Managers avoid demotivating their staff. As a result poor performers are reward as well as good performers.Homeserve Ltd The new performance bonus (Case study 9) Jean Frear got a new job at Homeserve Ltd as the HR director. She tried to use new bonus payment method which she think it worked very well at her previous job, the Moddens Food. Normally, the engineers work on Mon to Fri and will get fall apart overtime rate if they work on Sat and Sun. To make it more competitive, she cut the premium overtime rates for Sat and Sun also the even delivery then based on working hours only. After one year of this experiment, she got the result. The number of the calls from customers is increase about missing parts of the hardware. Overall salary bill is higher than ever but the performance is going the opposite way. She found that the engineers tend to work only for their shifts and hardly willing substitute for the others on holidays or sick leave. (Leopold, Harris and Watson, 2005, page 222-223)PFP systems tend to discourage creative thinking, challenging of established ways of doing things and questioning attitude among employees.Low income often leads managers to reduce ratings, creating a situation in which perfect employee performance is not rewarded.Pay strategy at Eastern Power plc (Case study 10) At Eastern Power plc, they use the Pay for Performance method to calculate employees salary. To make it convenient, it will be decided by senior managements. After 2 years, this method has been complained as an unfair system by most of the employees. According to the line managements, they reported that they had no idea how to improve their performance because the method is unclear. (Leopold, Harris and Watson, 2005, Page 215)A general disposition is the increasing number of organizations where total compensation contains a part depending on performance. According to the consultation firm Hewitt Associates, 50% of the firms used pay-for-performance in 1990, and in 2000 already 80% (Wiscombe 2001). An analogous tendency is also witnessed in Estonia. According to the salary survey conducted by the consultation firm Fontes in 2005, compensation policies of 91% of the firms in the survey include some kind of pay-for-performance.Opinions about the effectiveness of pay-for-performance are different. The survey conducted by the Hewitt Associates in 2000 suggested that even these enterprises which have used the pay-for-performance system do not completely believe in its effectiveness 21% of the firms said they do not believe its effect on improving work performance 57% believed the effect was limited. A study conducted by the same firm in 1995 indicated that the pay-for-performance system had failed in 48% of the organizations (Wiscombe 2001, www.HYPERLINK http//www.workforce.com/archive/feature/23/06/78/index.phpworkHYPERLINK http//www.workforce.com/archive/feature/23/06/78/index.phpforce.com/archive/feature/23/06/78/index.php.)Results of other surveys confirm the success of using pay-for-performance. An analysis of pay-for-performance programmes conducted in the regular army in the second half of 1990s suggests that performance improves in approximately two out of three programs (Heneman, Ledford, and Gresham 2000).There are various reasons for the contradictory opinions and results. 1 may be definitely different methods w hich are used, differences in business sector, lack of clarity of concepts used by researches. On the other hand, it can be assumed that application of pay-for-performance and its results can only be opposing because the creating, implementation of the respective system and assessment of the results must often link conflicting interests of different stakeholders.Other Case StudiesTele-working at the Mid Western BankFor The Mid Western Bank the Individual Performance is believed to be the best way to rate their staffs bonus payments. To make sure of this conclusion they set 4 aspects which are correctness, attendance levels, cooperation (which includes teamwork) and communication skills to confirm it. By making everyone concentrate on only their job, for the top performance employee can have 25 percents of their pay. Unfortunately, this result can be applied effectively with call centre staffs a competitive childbed market. The other concern is that this method encourage employee to be more selfish and lost interest in helping the others and the absenteeism is also rising even though it will be effect the rating. (Leopold, Harris and Watson, 2005, Page 234)Nucor Corporation, United StatesNucor Corporation, the largest steel producer in the United States. The secret to success is to give huge bonuses of 100% or even 150% to 160%, thus, every employee can see how the incentive arrangement affects their wages each week.Even in the down times, the company doesnt lay people off. Such as, the plant shuts down its production lines for a day or two a week but salaried executives still work. closely 80% of Nucors employees are on this production-incentive plan. Other employees also have performance-based compensation.When the whole organization is involved To make it work, the most important thing is the involvement of the whole company, even if there is only a 1 percent profit, it should be divided among everyone, including the administration. Everyone is part of the team building. For instance, gives non-production employees other awards -from a free dinners for outstanding work to one share of stock for every year of employment.(www.findarticles.com)Health Net of CaliforniaHealth Net of California announced that was paying $18 million to 70 physician groups statewide in recognition of their efficiency and quality in 2004. Of the total, $5 million was tied for the Pay for Performance program, which rewards physician groups for providing high-quality clinical care and customer service.In addition, Health Net is working with through the Integrated Healthcare Association to make wider the potential of Pay for Performance quality measures and increase the proportion of compensation for physician groups that present a commitment to quality and efficiency.PFP bonuses were paid to Health Nets commercial physician groups. The other quality disbursements, which are paid to commercial and Medicare physician groups, include shared-risk funds, financial i nvestments in technology and a generic drug incentive program. (www.findarticles.com)Abbey NationalAlan Eagles role as protagonist Manager of the Abbey National Community Partnership is to identify opportunities for staff who want to volunteer. He run a matched time scheme where staff can take in up to 35 hours of paid work time per year to match their own volunteering time commitment. Why would a banker necessarily want to be a treasurer in their spare time? Employee volunteers are like any other volunteers they need to feel that their contribution is worth it. To ensure this, organizations need to snap volunteer roles that are properly thought out. They believe that an employee who volunteers can specify personal objectives for community activities, as well as work related goals, in their annual appraisal. If they achieve those goals they are financially rewarded.(http//www.voluntarymatters3.org/motivation/case_studies/case_study3.html)The Royal Bank of ScotlandIn 1998, the co mpany launched RBSelect that is a total reward benefits mailboat giving employees. The package is divided into six groups private health cover insurance, including life assurances for spouses and partners saving such as voluntary contribution to pension schemes lifestyle features, which include the managers company car, childcare vouchers and retail voucher basic salary and holiday. Even the Christmas bonus can be traded in for a different benefit. Employees can change their benefits package once a year. The new total reward system has been positively received and is expected to have a positive impact on enlisting and retention. (Boddy, 1998 P.282-283)The National Security Personnel SystemNearly all of the employees in the Defense Departments new personnel system were rewarded for their job performance in their starting signal paychecks in 2009, with the average pay raise and bonus totaling 8.35%.98% of the more than 170,000 employees rated under the National Security Personnel S ystem received performance-based payout, meaning their supervisors graded their work as a 3 or better out of 5 possible points. The majority of those employees 55.4% earned a rating of 3, defining them as valued performers.Worker in the Washington area received the highest overall increase of the General Schedule employees, at 4.78%. General Schedule employees have earnings potential beyond their annual raise, while under NSPS, within-grade pay boosts, quality step increase and bonuses are factored into the overall performance-based pay increase. (http//www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0209/021809b1.htm)Lloyds TSBSTAFF at Lloyds Banking meeting is set to get about pounds 80min bonuses despite amulti-billion pound bailout from the taxpayer. The payments were apparently authorized by the Government as part of the deal for it to take a despotic interest of at least 65% in the firm. The figure is lower than the pounds 120m Lloyds bosses were thought to be seeking, but will still provoke cont roversy over rewards for failure. Newspaper reports suggested that some 4,000 junior staff will each get about pounds 1,000 this year, making up half the pay-out. Unions have argued that staff from the former Lloyds TSB be to receive bonuses, because their side of the business remained in profit while its merger partner HBOS lost billions of pounds.A spokesman for Prime Minister Gordon Brown said Lloyds had agreed that there would be no discretionary bonuses paid in 2009 except to the most junior staff, earning an average of pounds 20,000.(http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6784/is_2009_March_10/ai_n31418985/)General Motors-Powertrain DivisionIn the mid(prenominal) 1980s, GMs sale was going down dramatically and looks to be continued for some times. On contrary, new Japanese company was booming. Behind their success GM found that they used Dr. W. Edwards Demings rules. After trying this method for one year GM Powertrains H.R. staffs agree that appraisal system has some flaws. (M ary Jenkins, 2002, p.148)Strategic approach to rewarding performance at UnileverAt Unilever, to improve its employees performance and cut off unnecessary pay the manager created the model proved to be effective as spherical called Work Levels. With six levels of qualitatively different work in the company use to encourage people to work as a team instead of oneself. Predictably, many workers complained at the beginning but years after years it became clear that the method benefits both employees and the company. (Duncan Brown, Michael Armstrong, 1999, p.92-95)ConclusionThe organizations having job evaluation in practice, are determined the causes of pay inequity through the carefully implementation of pay design that is based on base pay structure. A tentative effort to introduce this discrete and coherent function is required to carry out the comprehensive review. There must be a system of inequity recognition through the organization achieves its smart objectives and vital to pri oritize the analysis which are very likely to enlighten on any potential inequities. It is a management tool that asserts the jobs of comparable value are treated and paid equally and emphasizes to estimate the size of inequity.Nevertheless, change in the pay system in any organization can be resistive. It can be suspected among the employee in term of pay changes, apparently. The purpose of pay system design should not be decrease or cut the employees pay rather than fixing the inequity within the organization and taking all the relative perspective into account beforehand the implementation of the required method. To make it constructive, expert facilitation of job design team can be useful to ensure that safe and sound primary principles are going to be followed while the organization gets its cherished goals.In addition, where it eliminates many flaws in term of analysing the jobs worth but also effectively productive with the employers perspective. This method can be typically undertaken by the employers to prevent them from prejudice or discrimination and to establish a platform where everyone has got equal opportunity to build up their career. No doubt, it enhances and defines an appropriate and decisive track for any organization practicing this feasible method that can be comp

Alexander The Great Essay -- essays research papers

horse parsley the Great black lovage the Great was king of the Macedonians and one of the greatest generals in history. As a student of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, Alexander was embedded with lasting interests in philosophy, politics and warfare. As king, he settled problems by immediate action, making quick decisions and taking great risks. His armies overcame these risks by perpendicularly force and by the ingenious tactics instilled in them by Alexander. He and his armies conquered the Persian Empire, which stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to India and formed much of what was thence considered the civilized world. by his conquests, Alexander helped sprinkle Greek ideas, customs and laws throughout Asia and Egypt and adopted a uniform currency system to promote trade and medico. He thus spread the rich Hellenistic culture enjoyed by the Greeks throughout the world. Alexander had a dream of the brotherhood of mankind where every person shared a everyday language, curr ency and loyalty, but he was unable to see his dream through due to an illness that claimed his life at the young age of 33.Alexander was born(p) in 356 B.C. He was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia. He was the son of Philip II, king of Macedonia, and of Olympias, a princess of Epirus. At the age of 13, Aristotle was hired to be Alexander&8217s private tutor. Aristotle inspired interests of politics, other races of people and countries, plants and animals, and a great love for literature in Alexander (&8220Overview of Alexander the Great. 1). He was an outstanding athletic supporter and excelled in every sport of his time (Durant 538). In 338 B.C., at the age of 18, Alexander led the cavalry of his father&8217s forces in the troth of Chaeronea, which brought Greece under Macedonian control. At the age of 20, Alexander&8217s father was murdered by one of his bodyguards, and Alexander succeeded the throne as king of Macedonia. afterward Alexander&8217s father died, some Greek cities under Macedonian rule revolted. In 335 B.C. Alexander attacked the city of Thebes, storming its walls and destroying every building, except the temples and the house of the poet Pindar. His army sold the 30,000 inhabitants of Thebes into slavery or killed them. Alexander&8217s actions against Thebes discouraged rebellion by the o... ...me seriously ill again. This time, the disease plus the effects of several bout wounds would be enough to claim his life at the age of 32 on June 10. Alexander and his armies conquered the Persian Empire, which stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to India and formed much of what was then considered the civilized world. Through his conquests, Alexander helped spread Greek ideas, customs and laws throughout Asia and Egypt and adopted a uniform currency system to promote trade and commerce. He established cities like Alexandria everywhere he went to help maintain rule and reduce corruption, as well as to promote learning and to encou rage commerce and trade throughout the world. He established Greek as the uniform language and brought different cultures together through marriages of his own and others just like his. He brought the world together to promote his idea of the brotherhood of mankind and had plans to reorganize his government and explore the seas around his empire. Alexander the Great accomplished all of this in just 33 years. After his death, the cities of his empire were split between his leading generals who mostly fought amongst themselves for control of the empire.

Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay - I Want to Die -- Euthanasia Physici

Death and dying are a natural constituent of our lives. Not a day goes by that we do not take the chance of being run over by a car bit running, being stabbed in a robbery, or being poisoned by bacteria in our food. In all of these cases, we maintain very little choice in deciding our fate. But what about those cases when we can do something to affect the dying process? What if we can decide whether we wish to live or die? For around of us, that is still uncharted territory, and just the thought of it chills us to the bone. Euthanasia is one such opportunity where a person can affect the dying process. It is not, as many people believe, a case of a physician killing a patient, but instead, a case where a patient who is facing a prolonged, painful, and, finally, terminal illness can make a conscious and reasoned choice to end his or her suffering early and in a self-respectful manner. It is the purpose of this paper to prove to you that mercy killing in the form of p hysician-assisted suicide (PAS) should be legalized. That a person facing a terminal illness should have the opportunity, and the right, to choose to die in a dignified manner when faced with a prolonged and terminal illness. That a physician should not be hushed in committing an act which might be in the best interest of a patient. And that if legalized, it would be possible to protect the patients interests through regulation, and in effect, make euthanasia a perfectly safe choice for a patient. One of the reasons that the idea of euthanasia antagonizes people is that the mere thought of the word brings to mind pictures of WWII Nazi atrocities. at that place is a big difference, however, between what Nazi Germany considered euthanasia, and what proponents today con... ...however, we do not address these issues soon and attempt to solve them collectively, there will be a greater chance of something going wrong . Works Cited A Model State Act to Authorize and Regulate Physician- assist Suicide. http//www.efn.org/ergo/mdlact.shtml 2 June 2007. Alcorn, Gay. First Assisted Suicide Under Euthanasia Law. Sydney Morning Herald. 26 Sep. 1996. 2 June 2007. Helme, Tim. Proposals for a Euthanasia Procedure. http//www.islandnet.com/deathnet/ergo.htm 28 Apr. 2007. Hoefler, James M. Deathright Culture, Medicine, Politics, and Their Right to Die. With Brian E. Kamoie. U.S. Westview, 2004. Misbin, Robert I., et al. Physician Responsibility for Euthanasia. Euthanasia The right(a) of the Patient, the Good of Society. Frederick University Publishing Group, 2002.

The Rise of Technology and Film throughout the Twentieth Century :: Film Movie Movies Technology Computers

The Rise of Technology and Film throughout the Twentieth atomic number 6As time and people are continually changing, so is knowledge and information and in the film industry there are inevitable proficient advances necessary to keep the attraction of the public. It is through natural effects, sounds and visual recordings that all individuals see how we have evolved to present day digital technology and it is because of the efforts and ideas of the first and latest great innovators of the twentieth century that we have advanced in film and computers.Technology is a central issue surrounding film making from the multiplication of Charlie Chaplins silent films to todays modern and computer-animated films such as George Lucass Star Wars. In addition there have been a system of changes in computer, phone and video recruitment which has propelled vast amounts of information knowledge to the public at a rapid rate.Film was not always as it is today due to the digital sounds and graphi c picture enhancements of George Lucass THX digital sound in the late 1970s to enhance the audiences perceptions. Sound was first discovered in 1928 and the first films before that were silent. There is a social need to heighten an audiences film going experience and it allows each person to color their own views of what they see and presents either directly or indirectly societys moral values.Time is a major factor in innovation because it provides visions, which point to the future but do not disregard the attempts of innovation in the past. Such inventions are Industrial Light and Magics development of special effects like motion-control cameras which alter the audiences perceptions and create a more realistic setting to enhance the imagi terra firma.Entertainment has traveled from burlesque and vaudeville to high tech filmmaking, and this is the physical existence of our century. The Era of Silent Film in the early 1900s had such geniuses as Charlie Chaplin who paved the road to the time of the talkies and to development of sound. If not for him and some other greats along the way, where would our film culture be today? Much of the report of our nation seems to be held as digital recordings through visuals. In this respect it is interwoven with the current era of computer information because we want to preserve and record the history of the present as well as at the turn of the millennium.

Looking at Eyewitness TEstimony :: essays research papers

Assignment 2Article 17Looking Askance at Eyewitness TestimonyThe economic consumption of eyewitnesses has been a aeonian in of criminal justice system since its very beginning. Unfortunately, people do non make the best witnesses to a crime. The person may not render seen the actual criminal, but someone that looks similar to them. The witness may lie ab out(a) what he or she may have scene. Also the witness crowd out be influenced by the practice of law as to who or what they saw at the time of the crime. The witness or victims memory of the person may have vitiated so that they dont remember exactly what had seen, which could be disastrous for the accused. With all these possible flaws in the testimony of witnesses and victims why do they continue to use them as primary evidence in criminal cases? The answer is simple until recently there was no other way to prove whether or not a person was actually at the scene of a crime unless someone saw them or they left some finger p rints behind that the police were able to link back to someone, which may have not been left on the victim but in the general vicinity. Until recently, with the recent breakthrough in DNA testing which allows police and investigators to gain an exact match as to who committed the crime. I personally feel that this is a much more trusty and accurate than relying on the testimony of witnesses. I believe through the use of science we as a society can now make certain(p) that the guilty are caught and punished while the innocent are protected from wrongful prosecution. However the eyewitness should not be completely left out of the case against the possible offender. After it is determined through scientific evidence, in this case DNA, that the physically involved in the crime then witnesses can be brought in to give testimony that the offender was present at the crime scene or the victim can be sure that the accused was authentically the one involved in the actual crime.Also the proc edures for recording eyewitnesses testimony have to be revised.

decriminilization of marijuana Essay -- legal cannabis

Every socio-economic class our government spends more than nineteen billion dollars to stub out its use in the joined States. About seventeen thousand people were arrested last year because of it. We spend twenty thousand dollars a year per inmate to hold these jailbirds captive. Who atomic number 18 these dangerous criminals you ask? Stoners.One argument against the decriminalization of marijuana is why would we want to introduce another intoxicant into our order of magnitude when alcohol and cigarette smoking is already so damaging? Marijuana is far less harmful to the body than cigarettes. Not to mention while it may be potentially habit forming, it is not addictive. When comparing marijuana to alcohol the differences are obvious. I would much rather be in an argument with qat that has been smoking joints all night than some dude who has spent all night pounding shots of tequila. Alcohol can alter a persons common sense. disrespect this, our government trusts us with the bu rden of drinking responsibly. Over seventeen thousand arrests are made regarding cannabis a year. Almost ninety percent of these arrests are for simple possession, not trafficking or sale. This is an inappropriate use of valuable law enforcement resources that should be foc utilise on more serious and violent crimes. I go int know about you, but I would rather have a midnight toker for a neighbor than a midnight stalker. The spending of government money ask to be reevaluated. Our government needs to take a step back and admit they were mistaken to think they could successfully discontinue the use of marijuana. You cannot have amerciable what a significant segment of the population in any society is committed to doing. You simply cannot arrest, prosecute, and punish such a large number of people, peculiarly in a democracy (Incardi 285). Ultimately it is not the role of the government to tell its adult citizens what risks to take. Bicycles kill ten thousand people a year and yet n o one is proposing to make them illegal.There are benefits of legalizing marijuana, both for the government and society. One of these is that the marijuana market could be government run. The vague market would be abolished, saving lives and redirecting the profits from the drug dealers Escalades new rims to the be... ...ortant. It is time we allow the many health benefits of marijuana to be use by those who need them. It is time we realize there are different cost effective, environment friendly and efficient ways of producing many of our most used products. All we can do is hope our government comes to its senses soon.Works Cited PageBaxter, J.W. Growing Industrial Hemp In Ontario. 27 November 2004.http//www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/facts/00-067.htm Gray, Judge throng P. Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed and What We Can Do About It. Philadelphia Temple UP, 2001.HempNation. 27 November 2004. http//hempnation.com/Incardi, James A Handbook of Drug Control in the United States. W estport Greenwood Press, 1990.Marijuana Fact and Fiction. 27 November 2004. http//marijuana.drug-culture.comNORML National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. 27 November 2004. http//www.norml.org/ Scannel, Kate. Bushs Painful Obsession With Medicinal Pot. American union for Medicinal Cannabis, The Oakland Tribune 27 November 2004.http//www.letfreedomgrow.com